Should Secondary Schools Increase or Decrease the Time of Physical Education?
Journal: Region - Educational Research and Reviews DOI: 10.32629/rerr.v3i4.565
Abstract
Although physical education is considered an essential part of the secondary school curriculum, the importance of physical education varies significantly from country to country. Some schools provide enough time for the sports curriculum; in contrast, many secondary school physical education programs are replaced by math and language subjects. This paper discusses whether secondary schools should increase or decrease the time of physical education by studying the positive and negative effects that physical education may bring to secondary school students. It evaluates some of the key controversy issues and arguments like the relationship between sports curriculum and physical health and mental health, and the relationship between the physical education and academic performance. Based on this, it argues that secondary schools should increase the time of physical education, or at least provide them with adequate time. It also concludes that physical education curriculum is a kind of sports behavior with educational value, the benefits it brings to students far outweigh the harm it does to them, and the damage can be avoided by correct PE teaching methods. Therefore, secondary schools should increase the time of physical education.
Keywords
physical education; secondary school; physical health; mental health
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[2] Bailey R. (2005). Evaluating the Relationship between Physical Education, Sport and Social Inclusion.
[3] Bakirtzoglou P., Ioannou P. (2011). Goal Orientations, Motivational Climate, and Dispositional Flow in Greek Secondary Education Students Participating in Physical Education Lesson: Differences Based on Gender. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 9(3): 295-306.
[4] Bass S. (2000). The Pubertal Years: A Unique Opportune Stage of Growth When the Skeleton Is Most Responsive to Exercise? Sports Medicine, (30): 73-78.
[5] Baur L.A. (2001). Obesity: Definitely a Growing Concern. The Medical Journal of Australia, (11):553-554.
[6] Biddle S.J.H., Gorely T., Stensel D. (2004). "Health-Enhancing Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Sports Sciences, (22): 679-701.
[7] Boreham C., Riddoch C. (2001). The Physical Activity, Fitness and Health of Children. Journal of Sports Science, (19): 915-929.
[8] Bruen E.A. (2007). Achievement Goal Orientation Patterns and Fifth Graders' Motivation in Physical Education Running Programs. Pediatric Exercise Science, (19): 179-191.
[9] Burgeson C.R., Lee S.M., Fulton J.E., et al. (2007). Physical Education and Physical Activity: Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006. Journal of School Health, (77): 435-635.
[10] Castelli D.M. (2014). The History of Physical Activity and Academic Performance Research: Informing the Future. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 79(4):119-148.
[11] Davis E.C., Cooper J.A. (1934). Athletic Ability and Scholarship: A Resume of Studies Comparing Scholarship Abilities of Athletes and Non-Athletes. Res Quart, (5): 69-78.
[12] Donnelly J.E., Lambourne K. (2011). Classroom-Based Physical Activity, Cognition, and Academic Achievemen. Prev Med, (52): S36-S42.
[13] European Physical Education Association. (2002). Code of Ethics and Good Practice Guide for Physical Education. Ghent: EUPEA.
[14] Finnish National Board of Education. (2004). National Core Curriculum of Finnish Basic Education.
[15] Fisette J.L. (2013). Are You Listening?: Adolescent Girls Voice How They Negotiate Self-Identified Selfidentified Barriers to Their Success and Survival in Physical Education. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, (18): 184-203.
[16] Hardman K. (2008a). Physical Education in Schools: A Global Perspective. Kinesiology.
[17] Hardman K. (2008b). The Situation of Physical Education in Schools: A European Perspective. Human Movement, 9(1):5-18.
[18] Harris J.P. (2018). The Case for Physical Education Becoming a Core Subject in the National Curriculum. Physical Education Matters, 13(2):9-13.
[19] Health & Social Care. (2017). Childhood Obesity: A Plan for Action.
[20] Heikinaro J.P., Telama R. (2005). Physical Education and Health in Finland. In U. Puhse & M. Gerber (Eds.), International Comparison of Physical Education—Concepts, Problems, Prospects, 250-271.
[21] Hillman C.H., Pontifex M.B., Raine L.B., et al. (2009). The Effect of Acute Treadmill Walking on Cognitive Control and Academic Achievement in Preadolescent Children. Neuroscience, 159(3): 1044-1054.
[22] Hutchings M. (2015). Exam Factories?: The Impact of Accountability Measures on Children and Young People: Research Commissioned by the National Union of Teachers. Communications Department of the National Union of Teachers.
[23] Kamijo K., Pontifex M.B., O' Leary K.C. (2011). The Effects of an Afterschool Physical Activity Program on Working Memory in Preadolescent Children. Dev Sci, 14(5): 1046-1058.
[24] Melnick M.J., Sabo D.F., Vanfossen B. (2012). Educational Effects of Inter-Scholastic Athletic Participation on African-American and Hispanic Youth. Adolescence, (27): 295-308.
[25] National Association of Head Teachers. (1999). Press Release: NAHT Publishes the Results of Its Survey of PE and Sports in Schools.
[26] Pharez E.S. (2016). Enjoyment Fosters Engagement: The Key to Involving Middle School Students in Physical Education and Physical Activity. Journal of Physical Education, 87(6): 24-28.
[27] Pontifex M., Raine L., Johnson C., et al. (2011). Cardiorespiratory Fitness and the Flexible Modulation of Cognitive Control in Preadolescent Children. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, (23): 1332-1345.
[28] Prusak K.A., Davis T., Pennington T.R., et al. (2014). Children's Perceptions of a District-Wide Physical Education Program. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, (33): 4-27.
[29] Ramos N.C., Ramos N.C. (2015). Elementary Students' Construct of Physical Education Teacher Credibility. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, (34): 560-575.
[30] Roberts C., Freed B., Mc' Carthy W. (2010). Low Aerobic Fitness and Obesity Are Associated with Lower Standardized Test Scores in Children. The Journal of Pediatrics, (156): 711-718.
[31] Ronholt H. (2005). Physical Education in Denmark: International Comparison of Physical Education. Concept- Problems-Prospects. Meyer & Meyer Sport Oxford, 206-227.
[32] Sallis J., Owen N. (1998). Physical Activity and Behavioral Medicine. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
[33] Shepshard R.J., Trudeau F. (2008). Physical Education, School Physical Activity, School Sports and Academic Performance. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, (5): 10.
[34] Bailey R. (2005). Evaluating the Relationship between Physical Education, Sport and Social Inclusion. Educational Review, 57(1):71-90.
[35] Tao R., Gao J.L. (2011). The Development of Sports Facilities in China Since 1949. Journal of Hubei Economics Institute, 8(5): 204-205.
[36] Tolfrey K., Jones A.M., Campbell I.G. (2000). The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training on the Lipid-Lipoprotein Profile of Children and Adolescents. Sports Medicine, (29): 99-112.
[37] Tomporowski P.D. (2003). Effects of Acute Bouts of Exercise on Cognition. Acta Psychol (Amst), 112(3):297- 324.
[38] Trost S. (2006). Public Health and Physical Education. In D. Kirk, M. O' Sullivan and D. MacDonald (Eds) Handbook of Physical Education (London, Sage).
[39] Twisk J.W.R., Kemper H.C.G., Van Mechelen W. (2002). The Relationship between Physical Fitness and Physical Activity during Adolescence and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors at Adult Age: The Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 23(suppl.): S8-S14.
[40] Whitehead M. (2013). The History and Development of Physical Literacy. International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education (ICSSPE).
[41] Wilkins J.L., Graham G., Parker S., et al. (2003). Time in the Arts and Physical Education and School Achievement. Journal of Curriculum Studies, (35): 721-734.
[42] World Health Organization. (2009). Global Health Risks: Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks.
[43] Youth Sport Trust. (2018). PE Provision in Secondary Schools.
[2] Bailey R. (2005). Evaluating the Relationship between Physical Education, Sport and Social Inclusion.
[3] Bakirtzoglou P., Ioannou P. (2011). Goal Orientations, Motivational Climate, and Dispositional Flow in Greek Secondary Education Students Participating in Physical Education Lesson: Differences Based on Gender. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 9(3): 295-306.
[4] Bass S. (2000). The Pubertal Years: A Unique Opportune Stage of Growth When the Skeleton Is Most Responsive to Exercise? Sports Medicine, (30): 73-78.
[5] Baur L.A. (2001). Obesity: Definitely a Growing Concern. The Medical Journal of Australia, (11):553-554.
[6] Biddle S.J.H., Gorely T., Stensel D. (2004). "Health-Enhancing Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Sports Sciences, (22): 679-701.
[7] Boreham C., Riddoch C. (2001). The Physical Activity, Fitness and Health of Children. Journal of Sports Science, (19): 915-929.
[8] Bruen E.A. (2007). Achievement Goal Orientation Patterns and Fifth Graders' Motivation in Physical Education Running Programs. Pediatric Exercise Science, (19): 179-191.
[9] Burgeson C.R., Lee S.M., Fulton J.E., et al. (2007). Physical Education and Physical Activity: Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006. Journal of School Health, (77): 435-635.
[10] Castelli D.M. (2014). The History of Physical Activity and Academic Performance Research: Informing the Future. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 79(4):119-148.
[11] Davis E.C., Cooper J.A. (1934). Athletic Ability and Scholarship: A Resume of Studies Comparing Scholarship Abilities of Athletes and Non-Athletes. Res Quart, (5): 69-78.
[12] Donnelly J.E., Lambourne K. (2011). Classroom-Based Physical Activity, Cognition, and Academic Achievemen. Prev Med, (52): S36-S42.
[13] European Physical Education Association. (2002). Code of Ethics and Good Practice Guide for Physical Education. Ghent: EUPEA.
[14] Finnish National Board of Education. (2004). National Core Curriculum of Finnish Basic Education.
[15] Fisette J.L. (2013). Are You Listening?: Adolescent Girls Voice How They Negotiate Self-Identified Selfidentified Barriers to Their Success and Survival in Physical Education. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, (18): 184-203.
[16] Hardman K. (2008a). Physical Education in Schools: A Global Perspective. Kinesiology.
[17] Hardman K. (2008b). The Situation of Physical Education in Schools: A European Perspective. Human Movement, 9(1):5-18.
[18] Harris J.P. (2018). The Case for Physical Education Becoming a Core Subject in the National Curriculum. Physical Education Matters, 13(2):9-13.
[19] Health & Social Care. (2017). Childhood Obesity: A Plan for Action.
[20] Heikinaro J.P., Telama R. (2005). Physical Education and Health in Finland. In U. Puhse & M. Gerber (Eds.), International Comparison of Physical Education—Concepts, Problems, Prospects, 250-271.
[21] Hillman C.H., Pontifex M.B., Raine L.B., et al. (2009). The Effect of Acute Treadmill Walking on Cognitive Control and Academic Achievement in Preadolescent Children. Neuroscience, 159(3): 1044-1054.
[22] Hutchings M. (2015). Exam Factories?: The Impact of Accountability Measures on Children and Young People: Research Commissioned by the National Union of Teachers. Communications Department of the National Union of Teachers.
[23] Kamijo K., Pontifex M.B., O' Leary K.C. (2011). The Effects of an Afterschool Physical Activity Program on Working Memory in Preadolescent Children. Dev Sci, 14(5): 1046-1058.
[24] Melnick M.J., Sabo D.F., Vanfossen B. (2012). Educational Effects of Inter-Scholastic Athletic Participation on African-American and Hispanic Youth. Adolescence, (27): 295-308.
[25] National Association of Head Teachers. (1999). Press Release: NAHT Publishes the Results of Its Survey of PE and Sports in Schools.
[26] Pharez E.S. (2016). Enjoyment Fosters Engagement: The Key to Involving Middle School Students in Physical Education and Physical Activity. Journal of Physical Education, 87(6): 24-28.
[27] Pontifex M., Raine L., Johnson C., et al. (2011). Cardiorespiratory Fitness and the Flexible Modulation of Cognitive Control in Preadolescent Children. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, (23): 1332-1345.
[28] Prusak K.A., Davis T., Pennington T.R., et al. (2014). Children's Perceptions of a District-Wide Physical Education Program. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, (33): 4-27.
[29] Ramos N.C., Ramos N.C. (2015). Elementary Students' Construct of Physical Education Teacher Credibility. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, (34): 560-575.
[30] Roberts C., Freed B., Mc' Carthy W. (2010). Low Aerobic Fitness and Obesity Are Associated with Lower Standardized Test Scores in Children. The Journal of Pediatrics, (156): 711-718.
[31] Ronholt H. (2005). Physical Education in Denmark: International Comparison of Physical Education. Concept- Problems-Prospects. Meyer & Meyer Sport Oxford, 206-227.
[32] Sallis J., Owen N. (1998). Physical Activity and Behavioral Medicine. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
[33] Shepshard R.J., Trudeau F. (2008). Physical Education, School Physical Activity, School Sports and Academic Performance. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, (5): 10.
[34] Bailey R. (2005). Evaluating the Relationship between Physical Education, Sport and Social Inclusion. Educational Review, 57(1):71-90.
[35] Tao R., Gao J.L. (2011). The Development of Sports Facilities in China Since 1949. Journal of Hubei Economics Institute, 8(5): 204-205.
[36] Tolfrey K., Jones A.M., Campbell I.G. (2000). The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training on the Lipid-Lipoprotein Profile of Children and Adolescents. Sports Medicine, (29): 99-112.
[37] Tomporowski P.D. (2003). Effects of Acute Bouts of Exercise on Cognition. Acta Psychol (Amst), 112(3):297- 324.
[38] Trost S. (2006). Public Health and Physical Education. In D. Kirk, M. O' Sullivan and D. MacDonald (Eds) Handbook of Physical Education (London, Sage).
[39] Twisk J.W.R., Kemper H.C.G., Van Mechelen W. (2002). The Relationship between Physical Fitness and Physical Activity during Adolescence and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors at Adult Age: The Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 23(suppl.): S8-S14.
[40] Whitehead M. (2013). The History and Development of Physical Literacy. International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education (ICSSPE).
[41] Wilkins J.L., Graham G., Parker S., et al. (2003). Time in the Arts and Physical Education and School Achievement. Journal of Curriculum Studies, (35): 721-734.
[42] World Health Organization. (2009). Global Health Risks: Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks.
[43] Youth Sport Trust. (2018). PE Provision in Secondary Schools.
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