Portuguese-Macao Border Dispute: Sovereignty and Colonial Resistance in the Early 20th Century
Journal: Arts Studies and Criticism DOI: 10.32629/asc.v5i5.3082
Abstract
At the beginning of the 20th century, China was beset by internal and external threats, with Macao as a focus between China and Portugal. In their unending series of formal agreements, Macao was gradually transformed into a colony, and this greatly angered the Chinese society. Xiangshan Xunbao, which was formed in 1908 by Zheng Bian, Liu Sifu and others, becoming a platform for anti-colonial discourse. It exposed Portuguese aggression, condemned the Qing government's feeble response, and advocated for increased attention to the demarcation of Macao's borders. Meanwhile, it highlighted the complexities of the demarcation and helped to mobilize anti-colonial sentiment and social forces. This paper analyses the historical role of Xiangshan Xunbao, its impact on Chinese society, and its symbolic importance in the broader struggle against colonialism and the defense of national sovereignty.
Keywords
Xiangshan Xunbao, Macao border dispute, Sino-Portuguese relations, national sovereignty, public opinion resistance
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[7]Matias, J.C., 2014. Macao, China and Portuguese speaking countries. China's Macao Transformed: Challenge and Development in the 21st Century, 331. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344580445_China's_Macao_Transformed_Challenge_and_Development_in_the_21st_Century
[8]Mendes, C. I. D. O. A. (2004). Portugal and the Settlement of the Macau Question, 1984-1999: Pragmatism in International Negotiations. University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies (United Kingdom). https://www.proquest.com/openview/c82a93200951df1c1489c9fc9115192f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y
[9]Mendes, C.A., 2013. Portugal, China and the Macau negotiations, 1986-1999 (Vol. 1). Hong Kong University Press. https://books.google.co.ke/books
[10]Qiu, J. and Wang, Y.N., 2014. Grassroots authority in rural Guangdong during late Qing and early Republican times. Journal of Modern Chinese History, 8(2), pp.153-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2014.960149
[11]Wan, T., 2019. Macao, Macaoness, Macanese: Literary Translation and Cultural Identity in Contemporary Macao (1980-2018) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Leeds). https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/25737/
[12]Xie, J., 2024. Portuguese Macao Border Delimitation in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries: Territoriality, Sovereignty and Negotiability. The International History Review, pp.1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2024.2357201
[13]Zandonai, S.S. and Amaro, V., 2018. The Portuguese Calçada in Macau. Current Anthropology, 59(4). https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/698957
[14]Zandonai, S.S. and Amaro, V., 2018. The Portuguese calçada in Macau: Paving residual colonialism with a new cultural history of place. Current Anthropology, 59(4), pp.378-396. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68013617/The_Portuguese_Calcada_in_Macau-libre.pdf?1626069349=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Portuguese_Calcada_in_Macau_Paving_R.pdf
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