Journal of Clinical Medicine Research is an international and open-accessed journal that focuses on global research and development of clinical medicine. It mainly reports the latest development of modern clinical medicine and research direction, publishes high quality original papers, reports and review articles related to clinical medicine. The topics involve: clinical medicine, experimental study and clinical pharmacology and clinical application, symptoms and treatment, medical treatment, ultrasonic diagnosis, clinical radiology and pathology diagnosis, emergency rescue, epidemiology, and other content related to clinical medicine.
Advances in the Application of Artificial Intelligence in Heart Disease Detection
Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are crucial for improving clinical outcomes. In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical imaging and clinical data analysis has provided new strategies for the automatic detection of cardiac diseases. This review summarizes recent progress in AI-based approaches for detecting aortic stenosis, congenital heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular function and wall motion abnormalities, and heart failure.
Copyright © 2025 Bokai Yang, Jikui Liu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Discussion on Forensic Identification of Tooth Injury Accompanied by Periodontal Disease — With Three Case Reports
Gingival disease refers to a group of pathological changes occurring in the gingival tissue, including inflammation of the gingiva and manifestations of systemic diseases in the gingiva. It can lead to inflammation of the supporting tissues of the teeth (gingiva, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and cementum), formation of periodontal pockets, progressive attachment loss, and alveolar bone resorption, eventually resulting in tooth loosening and loss. Tooth injury is one of the more common injuries encountered in forensic identification. The main imaging examination methods include periapical X-rays, panoramic radiographs, and CBCT (cone-beam computed tomography). Based on different imaging manifestations, the influence of varying degrees of periodontal disease on tooth injury is described, and viewpoints are proposed on the application of periodontal disease severity in forensic practice, with the aim of providing reference for fellow forensic examiners.
Copyright © 2025 Yufang Wang, Bobo Song, Yanchen Hou, Yanfei Chen, Ying Fan, Jie Jia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effectiveness of Curved Guidewire in the Treatment of Ureteroscopic Access Difficulty for Patients with Ureterovesical Junction Stones
Objective: This paper aims to investigate the safety and efficacy of using a curved guidewire for the treatment of ureterovesical junction stones when ureteroscopic access is difficult. Methods: The clinical data of 34 patients with ureterovesical junction stones admitted to our department in the past 3 years were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups according to the guidewire used during surgery: the treatment group (17 cases) consisted of patients who underwent successful surgery with a curved guidewire after encountering difficulty in ureteroscopic access; the control group (17 cases) included patients who successfully completed ureteroscopic lithotripsy using a Black Mamba guidewire (COOK, HWS-035150). The operation time, hospital stay, incidence of postoperative hematuria, double J stent removal time, and recovery of ureteral dilatation and hydronephrosis were compared between the two groups. Results: All patients in both groups successfully completed the surgery, and double J stents were indwelled postoperatively, which were removed smoothly at 4 weeks after surgery. Univariate analysis showed that the operation time of the treatment group [(45.50±14.25) min] was significantly longer than that of the control group [(35.30±10.50) min], with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of hospital stay, incidence of postoperative hematuria, double J stent removal time, and recovery of ureteral dilatation and hydronephrosis (all P>0.05). Conclusion: For patients with ureterovesical junction stones who experience difficulty in ureteroscopic access, switching to a curved guidewire can effectively complete the surgery. The postoperative recovery indicators of this approach are not significantly different from those of conventional surgery using a Black Mamba guidewire, indicating good clinical practicality.
Copyright © 2025 Songnian Zou, Bin Liang, Zhenxiang Geng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of Huanglian Ointment on Wound Healing in Mice with Deep Second-Degree Burns and the Related Mechanism
Objective: To investigate the effect of Huanglian ointment on wound healing in mice with deep second-degree burns and its potential mechanism. Methods: Sixty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into a Huanglian ointment group and a Vaseline group (control). A deep second-degree burn model was established on the dorsal skin. After modeling, the wounds of the two groups were covered with Huanglian ointment gauze and Vaseline gauze, respectively, with daily dressing changes. Wound healing was observed on days 0, 3, 7, and 17 after injury, and the eschar dissolution rate and healing rate were calculated. Wound tissues were collected at each time point for histopathological examination by H&E staining. ELISA was used to determine the levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and growth factors (VEGF, bFGF) in the wound tissues. Results: Compared with the Vaseline group, the Huanglian ointment group showed faster eschar dissolution and wound healing. On day 7 after injury, the eschar dissolution rate (22.36±0.95)% was significantly higher than that of the control group (12.69±0.47)%. On day 17 after injury, the healing rate (93.19±4.53)% was also significantly higher than that of the control group (74.54±3.37)%. Histological analysis showed reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and increased, more orderly arranged neovascularization and collagen formation in the Huanglian ointment group at days 7 and 17. ELISA results indicated that the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were significantly decreased, while VEGF and bFGF levels were significantly increased in the Huanglian ointment group on day 7 after injury. Conclusion: Huanglian ointment can effectively promote wound healing in mice with deep second-degree burns, and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting inflammatory responses and upregulating the expression of growth factors.
Copyright © 2025 Houdong Li, Chenghua Xu, Jianghui Tu, Meilin Yi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integration of Artificial Intelligence into Endocrinology Teaching: Opportunities, Challenges and Responses
Endocrinology is a crucial discipline in medical education, and its teaching quality has a significant impact on the cultivation of medical students' clinical diagnosis and treatment capabilities. However, the traditional teaching model has several issues, such as limited course time, uneven distribution of teaching resources, and a single teaching mode. With technological innovations like deep learning algorithms, natural language processing, and virtual reality, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has provided entirely new ideas for the reform of endocrinology teaching. This paper systematically explores the application of AI in endocrinology teaching, thoroughly analyzes the current status and challenges of endocrinology teaching, elaborates on the advantages and specific application methods of AI, and simultaneously proposes targeted countermeasures for the challenges faced during the application process. The aim is to promote the innovative development of endocrinology teaching through AI technology, improve teaching quality, cultivate more high - quality endocrinology professionals, and contribute to the development of medical education.
Copyright © 2025 Ruobei Zhao, Longbing Lai, Zehua Zhou, Jiangang Lu, Fengning Chuan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study on the Preparation Process of Shegan Qingwen Fuzheng Oral Liquid
Objective — To investigate the preparation process of Shegan Qingwen Fuzheng Oral Liquid (SQFOL) to fully extract active components, enhance the content and stability of pharmacologically active constituents in the formulation, and ensure clinical efficacy. Methods — The extraction process for volatile components, β-cyclodextrin inclusion process for distillate, and extraction process for distillation residue were investigated separately. Results — The optimal extraction process for volatile components was determined as follows: 8-fold water volume, 1-hour soaking time, and 4-hour distillation time. The optimal β-cyclodextrin inclusion process for distillate was a core-to-shell mass ratio of 1:4, inclusion temperature of 40°C, and inclusion time of 2 hours. The extraction process for distillation residue was adding 8 times the volume of 50% ethanol, performing two extractions: the first for 2 hours and the second for 1.5 hours. Conclusions — The extraction processes were validated to be stable and feasible.
Copyright © 2026 Zhifei Hou, Lifen Li, Weixian Guo, Lifang Liu, Yu Liu, Yunfei Xie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research Progress on Long-term Effect and Safety of Acupuncture and Moxibustion in Treating Chronic Headache
This article focuses on the long-term effect and safety of acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of chronic headache, pointing out that it has the advantages of continuous remission and prevention of recurrence in the long-term effect, high safety and good patient compliance. The current research has design limitations, such as a short follow-up period, difficulty in implementing blinding methods, and a contradiction between standardization and individualization in clinical practice. To this end, optimization strategies are proposed, including extending the observation period in methodology, innovating control designs, developing stratified diagnosis and treatment guidelines in clinical practice, and integrating modern technologies. The study provides a reference for improving the effect and safety of acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of chronic headache, and promotes better clinical application.
Copyright © 2026 Jieying Li, Fangfang Chai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Blended Teaching Method Based on Stepwise Training Strategy on Clinical Thinking in Standardized Training of Cardiac Echocardiography Teaching for Resident
To analyze the influence of the mixed teaching method based on the ladder training strategy on residents in the standardized training of cardiac ultrasound teaching. Thirty residents who participated in the standardized training of cardiac ultrasound teaching in our hospital were selected, and the examination data of using conventional teaching method from January to December 2023 were included in group A, and the examination data of using mixed teaching method based on ladder training strategy from January to December 2024 were included in group B, and the teaching effect was compared. The scores of clinical thinking, theoretical knowledge and practical operation in group B were higher than those in group A (P < 0.05). The application of the mixed teaching method based on the ladder training strategy in the standardized training of cardiac ultrasound teaching can significantly improve the residents' clinical thinking ability and practical operation ability, and help them better grasp the relevant theoretical knowledge.
Copyright © 2026 Mei Zhang, Li Sheng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Treatment of Vertigo Based on "All Wind-Induced Tremors and Vertigo Are Associated with the Liver"
Vertigo is a common clinical symptom with high incidence and complex etiology, involving multi-system disorders (modern medicine) and multi-Zang-Fu dysfunction (TCM), severely impairing patients' daily life. The theory "All wind-induced tremors and vertigo are associated with the liver" from Huangdi's Inner Canon is a classic TCM guideline for vertigo, revealing the liver's core role in its pathogenesis. This paper sorts the liver's physiological characteristics as "Zang-organ of wind and wood", explains vertigo's correlation with liver-related pathogenesis (internal stirring of liver wind with subtypes, liver yang hyperactivity), and analyzes liver-based syndrome differentiation and treatments (calming liver, extinguishing wind, etc.). It consolidates the "liver-centered" theoretical foundation and treatment pathway, providing references for precise TCM application in vertigo.
Copyright © 2026 Yixin Shi, Leilei Zhang, Xinxin Yang, Zhuo Wang, Gaowei Song, Lin Yang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research Progress and Application Prospects of Immunochromatography Technology in Bacterial Detection
Immunochromatography plays a significant role as a rapid and simple detection method in the field of bacterial detection. This article reviews the principles of immunochromatography and the progress of its application in bacterial detection. It mainly includes two types of techniques: colloidal gold immunochromatography and fluorescence immunochromatography, and elaborates on their detection principles and technical characteristics in detail. In terms of practical application, the specific application and effect of this technique in the detection of carbapenemase, Salmonella, Shigella flexneri, Brucella and other pathogens are highlighted. The study shows that immunochromatography has the advantages of simple operation, rapid detection, high sensitivity and strong specificity, and has broad application prospects in fields such as clinical diagnosis, food safety and environmental monitoring. The future development will focus on improving detection sensitivity and specificity, developing multi-target detection systems, and combining with modern sensing technology, artificial intelligence, etc. to achieve more accurate quantitative detection.
Copyright © 2026 Yuhang Deng, Yanni Tan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Application Progress of Plant-derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles in Diabetic Ulcers
Diabetes foot ulcers (DFU) is a serious complication of diabetes with high morbidity and mortality. The existing treatment methods have bottlenecks such as large trauma, high cost, and long recovery period. Plant derived extracellular vesicle like nanoparticles (PENPs) have become a novel candidate strategy for DFU treatment due to their natural low immunogenicity, high content of active ingredients such as polyphenols and miRNA, easy large-scale extraction, and good biocompatibility. This article systematically reviews the core mechanisms by which PENPs regulate DFU healing, including exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, regulating the gut microbiota immune axis to improve systemic metabolism, promoting angiogenesis through glycolysis reprogramming and PI3K/Akt pathways, regulating insulin signaling to improve glucose metabolism, and directly promoting accelerated proliferation, migration, and re epithelialization of keratinocytes and fibroblasts; Simultaneously reviewing the research progress of 9 types of PENPs, including red onions, lemons, ginseng, and wheat, in cell or animal models, confirming their multi-target healing promoting activity. This article provides theoretical and experimental basis for expanding the field of extracellular vesicle therapy and developing safe and effective natural biological treatment strategies for DFU.
Copyright © 2026 Zelong Yang, Xianzhen Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Few-shot Medical Classification: Methods, Challenges and Future Directions
In the context of medical imaging, due to the high cost and time-consuming nature of expert annotation, the scarcity of available annotated data often leads to overfitting during network construction. Few-shot learning offers a promising solution to this issue and has attracted significant research attention in recent years. This survey provides a comprehensive review of the most advanced techniques in few-shot learning-based medical image classification. Depending on the underlying deep learning mechanisms, existing methods are categorized into four groups: transfer learning-based, meta-learning-based, data augmentation-based, and multi-modal-based methods. This article also systematically summarizes publicly available few-shot medical image datasets and outlines prospective research directions.
Copyright © 2026 Zihan Shao, Yifan Lin, Haoliang Hu, Yingying Huang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Advances in Minimally Invasive Treatment of Osteoporotic Spinal Fractures
Osteoporotic spinal fracture is a common orthopedic condition, currently often treated with surgical intervention. Among these, minimally invasive surgery has become the mainstream treatment option due to its advantages such as rapid recovery and minimal trauma. Based on the pathological characteristics of osteoporotic spinal fractures, this paper reviews common minimally invasive treatment techniques, including percutaneous kyphoplasty and percutaneous vertebroplasty, and analyzes the mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy of various techniques, aiming to provide a reference for clinical treatment.
Copyright © 2026 Kaiyuan Liu, Liang Guo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparison of Clinical Characteristics, Treatment Response and Prognostic Differences Among Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia Infected by Different Pathogens
Objective: To explore the differences in clinical characteristics, treatment response, and prognosis among patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) infected by different pathogens. Methods: A total of 80 CAP patients admitted from January 2024 to December 2024 were selected and divided into three groups based on etiological test results: bacterial infection group, atypical pathogen infection group, and mixed infection group. The differences in clinical manifestations, inflammatory markers, symptom relief time, and hospitalization outcomes among the three groups were compared. Results: Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common pathogen in the bacterial infection group. The mixed infection group had the highest fever rate, detection rate of moist rales, and levels of inflammatory markers. Patients in the atypical pathogen infection group had milder symptoms, faster fever resolution and cough relief, but a longer hospital stay. The incidence of complications in the mixed infection group was significantly higher. Conclusion: Pneumonia caused by different pathogens shows significant heterogeneity in clinical manifestations and outcomes. Accurate identification of pathogen types is conducive to optimizing treatment decisions and improving clinical prognosis.
Copyright © 2026 Sujuan Zhang, Yanzhou Han https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Intramedullary Nailing for Traumatic Fractures of the Femur and Tibia: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Intramedullary nailing is the standard for stabilizing femoral and tibial diaphyseal fractures. This study evaluated its effectiveness and safety in adults with traumatic long-bone injuries. Methods: Retrospective cohort of adult inpatients treated at a single center (January 2021–July 2024). Demographics, fracture features, intraoperative variables, and outcomes were extracted from electronic records. Primary endpoints were 6-month radiographic union and overall postoperative complications. Secondary endpoints included time to union, time to full weight-bearing, 12-month Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), and specific complications. Results: A total of 100 patients (65 males and 35 females) with 155 fractures (85 femoral and 70 tibial) were analyzed. Union at 6 months was achieved in 145/155 fractures (93.5%); mean time to union was 16.8±4.5 weeks. Overall complications occurred in 25/155 fractures (16.1%), most commonly delayed union (5.2%), superficial infection (3.9%), and malunion (3.2%); deep infection occurred in 1.9%. The mean 12-month LEFS was 70.5±9.8. Conclusion: Intramedullary nailing yields high union rates, acceptable complication profiles, and good functional recovery in femoral and tibial shaft fractures, supporting its continued use as standard care.
Copyright © 2026 Weiqiang Cheng, He Li, Dingguo Zhu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research Progress on the Correlation between miRNA and Tamoxifen Resistance in Breast Cancer
MicroRNA (miRNA) plays a crucial regulatory role in the mechanism of tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. This article conducts a systematic review on the molecular mechanisms, clinical significance, and potential therapeutic strategies of miRNA regulating tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. A variety of miRNAs exert promoting or inhibitory effects on the occurrence and development of tamoxifen resistance by targeting key molecules such as the estrogen receptor signaling pathway, apoptosis-related genes, and drug transporters. These miRNAs can not only serve as biomarkers for drug resistance but also become potential therapeutic targets for reversing drug resistance. A profound understanding of the miRNA-mediated drug resistance mechanism is of great significance for improving the prognosis of breast cancer patients.
Copyright © 2026 Hongyan Sun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Discussion on the Effect of Intestinal Flora Dysbiosis and Pyroptosis on Ascites Due to Liver Cirrhosis Based on the Theory of "Yang Transforming Qi, Yin Shaping"
Ascites due to cirrhosis is a serious complication of chronic liver disease progressing to the decompensated stage, which belongs to the category of "distention" in traditional Chinese medicine. It has the characteristics of high morbidity, high recurrence rate and high mortality, and its clinical treatment faces many limitations. Dysbiosis of intestinal flora and abnormal activation of pyroptosis have been proved to be important microscopic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of cirrhosis ascites in recent years. Both of them promote the disease progression through the gut liver axis and inflammation mediated pathways. Based on the theory of "Yang dissolves Qi and Yin forms" in Huangdi Neijing, it is believed that "insufficient Yang dissolves Qi and excessive Yin forms" is the core pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis ascites. Qi loss caused by deficiency of Yang Qi in liver, spleen and kidney is the root cause of the disease. Phlegm, blood stasis, water and moisture condensation and accumulation of pathological products at the microscopic level are the symptoms of the disease. Yin Yang disharmony and endogenous pathogens and toxins are the key links of disease progression. This paper deeply discusses the internal relationship between the theory of "Yang transforming Qi, Yin shaping" and the imbalance of intestinal flora and pyroptosis, combines the macro thinking of traditional Chinese medicine with modern micro mechanism, takes "Warming Yang transforming Qi, removing blood stasis and dispersing nodules" as the treatment principle, and provides new ideas for the prevention and treatment of cirrhosis ascites by regulating the balance of intestinal flora and inhibiting abnormal pyroptosis.
Copyright © 2026 Yu Zhao, Lei Shi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research Progress of mTOR Signaling Pathway in Metabolic Diseases
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a highly conserved central regulator within cells. It integrates signals from various inputs, including nutrients, energy status, and growth factors, to precisely regulate fundamental cellular processes such as cell growth, proliferation, autophagy, and metabolism through multiple signaling pathways. In recent years, numerous studies have confirmed that the abnormal activation of the mTOR signaling pathway is closely associated with the occurrence and progression of various metabolic diseases. This article aims to summarize the research progress on the mTOR signaling pathway in metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperuricemia, and osteoporosis, explore its molecular mechanisms, and provide an outlook on therapeutic strategies targeting mTOR.
Copyright © 2026 Jun Li, Xiao Guo, Mengxue Jian, Liang Zhao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Preparation, Antituberculosis Function and Mechanism of Macrophage- Targeted circTRAPPC6B and Rifampicin Exosome Delivery System
Objective: To construct a composite exosome delivery system with macrophage-targeting ability, combining circular RNA circTRAPPC6B and the antituberculosis drug rifampicin (RIF) for the efficient treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. The aim is to enhance the enrichment efficiency of drugs in infected macrophages and strengthen the clearance of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) by regulating the host immune response. Methods: Exosomes (Exo) were extracted from human dendritic cells by ultra-centrifugation. circTRAPPC6B was encapsulated into exosomes by electroporation. Rifampicin was embedded into the lipid bilayer of exosomes by hydrophobic insertion to obtain the RIF@Exo-circTRAPPC6B composite system. Subsequently, the surface of exosomes was modified with mannose to construct the M-Exo-circTRAPPC6B-RIF targeted delivery system. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle size analyzer and Western blot were used to characterize the morphology, particle size, Zeta potential and marker proteins of exosomes. In vitro experiments used the J774A.1 macrophage model infected with H37Rv to evaluate the cell uptake rate, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the expression level of autophagy-related protein LC3-II/I of the delivery system. Results: The M-Exo-circTRAPPC6B-RIF delivery system with good stability and targeting was successfully constructed. This system significantly enhanced the uptake of drug-loaded exosomes by macrophages, effectively inhibited the proliferation of intracellular MTB, and activated the cell autophagy pathway. Conclusion: The mannose-modified exosome co-delivery system developed in this study can achieve the synergistic effect of circTRAPPC6B and rifampicin. While improving drug targeting, it also regulates the host immune response, providing a new strategy for the precise treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Copyright © 2026 Xiaoguo Zhang, Zhengbin Chai, Jingwen Liu, Meiqin Dou, Yan Ma, Changfei Li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Indoor and Outdoor Exposure: Recent Advances in Research on Lung Cancer in Women and Its Association with Household Cooking Fumes, Secondhand Smoke, and PM2.5
This study provides important theoretical basis for etiological research and the development of prevention and control strategies for lung cancer in women. By systematically examining the independent and synergistic exposure effects of household cooking fumes, secondhand smoke, and PM2.5, the study overcomes the limitations of traditional single-factor research and, for the first time, reveals the environmental pathogenic mechanisms underlying the high incidence of lung cancer in non-smoking women from an integrated perspective of indoor and outdoor dual exposure. The study elucidates the synergistic carcinogenic effects of the three environmental factors through common pathways such as oxidative stress, DNA damage, chronic inflammation, and epigenetic changes, providing a new theoretical framework for explaining the lung cancer incidence risk in this special population of non-smoking women. These findings not only enrich environmental carcinogenesis theory but also lay a scientific foundation for developing targeted lung cancer prevention and control strategies for women, particularly providing critical theoretical support for individual protective measures and social intervention policies in high-risk environments.
Copyright © 2026 Yingying Yan, Rundong He, Yanshu Wang, Ruoxi Yang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Component Analysis and Precise Prevention and Treatment of Urinary Stones
Urinary stones are a common disease worldwide, and their incidence has continued to rise in recent years. This article systematically reviews the epidemiological characteristics, formation mechanism, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic treatment methods of kidney stones and ureteral stones, with a special focus on the latest advances in stone component analysis technology and its application value in precision prevention and treatment. Studies have shown that there are significant differences in the formation mechanism, physical properties and metabolic basis of stones of different components, and the accurate analysis of stone components through infrared spectroscopy and other technologies can provide patients with personalized prevention and treatment plans, reducing the recurrence rate from 50%-90% to 10%-15%. This paper also discusses the genetic association between urinary stones and systemic diseases such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, as well as the application prospects of multi-omics technology in stone research. Finally, this paper looks forward to the future challenges and development directions in the field of stone prevention and control, including the development of novel drug targets, the establishment of artificial intelligence-assisted diagnostic systems, and the construction of multi-center collaboration networks.
Copyright © 2026 Zheng Wei, Ning Yin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research Progress of Atopic Dermatitis in Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine
Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease. Its etiology is not yet fully understood, but it is believed to be associated with various external factors, including genetics, immune dysregulation, environmental influences, and skin barrier dysfunction. By reviewing the literature, this article summarizes the pathogenesis, triggering factors, and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment approaches, aiming to provide the latest research progress for the treatment of AD.
Copyright © 2026 Yue He, Huiling Jing, Dandan Ren, Ying Zhang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research Progress on Surface Electromyography in Monitoring G-Induced Loss of Consciousness
G-induced Loss of Consciousness (G-LOC) caused by high overload is a primary cause of flight accidents. Although existing anti-G measures are effective, the risk has not been entirely eliminated. Traditional monitoring indicators (such as EEG, ECG, and cerebral oxygen saturation) face limitations in actual flight environments, including signal lag, susceptibility to interference, or high equipment costs. Surface electromyography (sEMG), as a non-invasive, highly sensitive, and real-time physiological indicator, provides a new technical pathway for the early warning of G-LOC. Research confirms that during the critical window approximately 3 seconds prior to the occurrence of G-LOC, the electromyographic features (such as RMS and WL) of anti-G muscle groups exhibit significant attenuation, reflecting a loss of neuromuscular control capabilities. Compared to the neck and abdomen, the gastrocnemius muscle of the lower leg has been established as the optimal monitoring site due to signal stability. Based on this regularity, researchers have developed G-LOC electromyographic recognition algorithms and constructed real-time warning and wake-up systems integrating head posture monitoring, verifying their engineering feasibility. This paper aims to systematically review the technical principles, feature evolution laws, algorithm progress, and system applications of sEMG in G-LOC monitoring.
Copyright © 2026 Zhengyi Yang, Chuantao Li, Yongjie Yao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Advances in Laboratory Diagnosis of Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: From Diagnostic Biomarkers to Multimodal Combined Applications
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common malignant tumor of the head and neck, with a generally slow disease progression and favorable prognosis in most patients. However, lymph node metastasis in a small subset of patients can reduce the five-year disease-free survival rate from 94.8% to 73.1%. Studies have confirmed that lymph node metastasis is a risk factor for poor prognosis. Therefore, this article analyzes and compares the diagnostic value of biomarkers, liquid biopsy, and combined detection techniques to evaluate their diagnostic efficacy in lymph node metastasis and prognosis, aiming to provide evidence-based support for optimizing clinical diagnostic pathways.
Copyright © 2026 Leiping Zhang, Ping Zhu, Zhijing Xing, Jiaxin Yuan, Lin Li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Medication in 3925 Outpatient Prescriptions Containing Traditional Chinese Medicine Toosendan Fructus
This study investigates the clinical application and safety of Toosendan Fructus to provide evidence for its rational use in practice. A total of 3,925 outpatient prescriptions containing Toosendan Fructus were collected from January to December 2023 at Guangzhou Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine. Data on patient demographics, diagnosis, department distribution, dosage, and herb combinations were analyzed. Among 2,951 patients, 1,697 were female (1.35 times that of male). Most patients (52.18%) were aged 19–44 years. The Liver disease department prescribed the most Toosendan Fructus (28.87%), primarily for liver stagnacy (22.52%). Stir-fried Toosendan Fructus was used in 95.18% of prescriptions, with 64.84% exceeding the Chinese Pharmacopoeia limit (>10 g). Common combinations included Paeoniae Radix Alba, Bupleuri Radix, and vinegar-processed Rhizoma Corydalis. Stir-frying and compatible use of Chinese materia medica can reduce the toxicity of Toosendan Fructus. However, an audit system for off-label use and enhanced medication monitoring are recommended to ensure clinical safety.
Copyright © 2026 Rongfan Wang, Meifang Liang, Wanting Li, Jie Yang, Huifang Ma, Yunli Yang, Qian Ma, Min Fan, Jiamei Ma, Junyan Zou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Upregulating CCNB1 Expression by Silencing p53 on Intervertebral Disc Nucleus Pulposus Cell Degeneration
Background: Disc degeneration usually results from inflammation, proliferation and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells, and is one of the main causes of low back pain. Controlling cell cycle protein B1 (CCNB1) delays the path of intervertebral disc degeneration.P53 controls the apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells, which affects intervertebral disc degeneration. However, the exact link between P53 and CCNB1 in NP cells is not known at the moment. Objective: To study how interactions between CCNB1 and P53 impact nucleus pulposus cells apoptosis in the mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration. Methods: Nucleus pulposus tissue from patients with lumbar spine surgery was collected for analysis. Expression of p53, CCNB1, Bax, caspase-3, BCL-2, and COL2A1 was measured by qRT-PCR and Western Blot techniques. TNF-α was used to induce degeneration of isolated nucleus pulposus cells, cultured and transfected with siRNA-P53. Cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis were measured by CCK-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. Results: Degenerated nucleus pulposus tissues from intervertebral discs exhibited elevated levels of p53, Bax, and caspase-3, alongside decreased levels of CCNB1, BCL-2, and COL2A1. Silencing p53 in these cells resulted in increased expression of CCNB1, BCL-2, and COL2A1, while decreasing levels of p53, Bax, and caspase-3. This intervention enhanced cell viability and proliferation, while reducing apoptosis. Conclusion: These findings suggest that silencing p53 may upregulate CCNB1 expression, thereby inhibiting apoptosis in NP cells and potentially delaying the degeneration of intervertebral discs.
Copyright © 2026 Mingli Liu, Fan Feng, Guoshuai Xiao, Bingqiang Ren, Jie Gao, Yan Li, Lei Fang, Dapeng Yu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research Progress on the Application of Serum Cystatin C in Patients with Ischemic Stroke
Ischemic stroke, as a chronic noncommunicable disease with high incidence and disability rates, has become a significant global public health issue. Cystatin C, an endogenous biomarker that sensitively reflects glomerular filtration function, has been widely used in recent years for the clinical assessment of cerebrovascular diseases. This study reviews the latest research findings on the correlation between ischemic stroke and serum cystatin C levels from domestic and international sources. It provides an overview of the relationship between the two and their current clinical applications, aiming to offer a reference for disease management and condition monitoring in ischemic stroke patients.
Copyright © 2026 Qingwei Zhao, Qing'e Zhao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study on the Influence Factors of High Frequency Apheresis Platelet Donation on Iron Nutritional Status and Blood Routine Parameters of Blood Donor
Objective: To explore the effect of high frequency apheresis platelet donation on iron nutritional status and blood routine parameters of blood donors, and to provide data support for optimizing the strategy of apheresis platelet donation and ensuring the health of blood donors. Methods: From January 2024 to June 2025, 240 blood donors who participated in apheresis platelet donation were selected as the research objects. Among them, 120 cases of first apheresis platelet donation were selected as the control group, and 120 cases of high frequency apheresis platelet donation were selected as the observation group. The changes of iron nutrition indexes (serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, soluble transferrin receptor, total iron binding capacity) and blood routine parameters were compared between the two groups after blood donation. Results: Compared with the control group, the observation group had significantly lower serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin (P < 0.05) and significantly higher soluble transferrin receptor and total iron binding capacity (P < 0.05). In the blood routine test, the hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean hemoglobin concentration and mean red blood cell hemoglobin content in the observation group were decreased (P < 0.05), the red blood cell volume distribution width was increased (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in the other blood routine parameters (P > 0.05). Conclusion: High frequency apheresis platelet donation can lead to a decrease in iron storage and mild abnormalities in red blood cell system indexes. Red blood cell volume distribution width can be used as an early warning indicator of iron deficiency, while platelet related parameters have good stability. We should pay attention to the iron nutritional status of high frequency platelet donors, and strengthen the iron nutrition monitoring and intervention of high frequency platelet donors.
Copyright © 2026 Hanxue Zhang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploration of Individualized Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention Strategies for Migraine
Migraine is a common primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent moderate to severe throbbing pain, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and photophobia. Its complex pathogenesis and significant individual differences lead to varying responses to conventional pharmacological treatments, making individualized treatment an important direction in clinical practice. This paper first reviews the pathological and physiological mechanisms of migraine, focusing on the roles of neurovascular regulation disorders, neurotransmitter imbalances, and genetic factors. Then, it explores individualized pharmacological treatment strategies from the perspectives of acute attack treatment and preventive treatment, aims to provide theoretical support and clinical reference for improving the efficacy of migraine treatment and reducing the recurrence rate.
Copyright © 2026 Xiaoyan Zhang, Changren Li, Muyang Li, Zhenxing Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Theoretical Construction, Clinical Application and Advantages of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Based on Zangfu and Meridian Syndrome Differentiation: A Review
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a kind of macular disease, which mainly occurs in young and middle-aged men. It is characterized by serous detachment of retinal neuroepithelium or pigment epithelium caused by choroidal capillary leakage. The disease is self-limited to some extent, but recurrent episodes can lead to irreversible visual impairment.According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), this disease belongs to the category of "Zhizhan Yiyao", and its occurrence is closely related to the dysfunction of liver, spleen and kidney and the adverse vaporization of trijiao. This article systematically reviews the TCM diagnosis and treatment system based on Professor Chen Dafu's "six meridian-syndrome differentiation in ophthalmology", and expounds its theoretical construction, clinical application characteristics and advantages of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine in the staged treatment of CSC, in order to provide reference for clinical practice.
Copyright © 2026 Bo Zhang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Treatment of Macular Degeneration with A Four-in-One Therapy Combining Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Mainly Acupuncture
This study focuses on the treatment of macular degeneration with a combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine based on acupuncture and moxibustion. The therapy includes acupuncture, acupoint injection of neurotrophic drugs, intravenous infusion and Chinese herbal decoctions. Based on the classic theory of traditional Chinese medicine and in combination with modern medical cognition, explore its mechanism of action. Clinical practice has shown that this therapy can improve macular degeneration in many ways, demonstrating the innovative application of the combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine in ophthalmic treatment and contributing to the strengthening of the sense of community of the Chinese nation and promoting the development of ophthalmic medicine.
Copyright © 2026 Yue Su https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Two-way Regulation of Intestinal Microorganisms on Hyperuricemia and Gout
In recent years, the two-way regulation of intestinal microorganisms in the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia and gout has attracted increasing attention. Studies have shown that specific probiotics can participate in the regulation of uric acid metabolism in many ways, including promoting intestinal uric acid excretion, inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity, enhancing intestinal barrier function and regulating immune infl ammatory response, thus effectively reducing blood uric acid level and alleviating the onset of gouty arthritis. On the contrary, colonization or flora imbalance of conditional pathogenic bacteria can induce chronic inflammation, destroy intestinal mucosal barrier, inhibit uric acid excretion, and further aggravate metabolic disorder. Metagenomics further revealed that some intestinal flora can degrade purine metabolites and regulate purine homeostasis. To sum up, intestinal microorganisms affect uric acid homeostasis through metabolism and immunity, forming an interactive network of "flora-metabolism-inflammation". In the future, we should develop individualized intervention strategies based on probiotics, prebiotics and synthetic biology techniques, and provide a new path for the accurate prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia and gout.
Copyright © 2026 Shuo Cao, Jinfeng Wei, Hongbin Qiu, Qiushi Miao, Suo Wang, Ran Xue https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research Progress of Omentin-1 in Disease Diagnosis: A Review
Omentin-1, an adipokine secreted by visceral adipose tissue, plays a key role in various diseases by regulating insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and vascular health. Its diagnostic value is increasing, although challenges remain due to limited standardization and an incomplete understanding of its mechanisms. These challenges highlight the need for further research to improve its clinical application for the early detection and prognosis of metabolic and inflammatory conditions.
Copyright © 2026 Jinyang Li, Wujian He https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Splenic Vein Involvement or Pancreatic Portal Hypertension in Acute Pancreatitis: A Retrospective Characteristic Study
This study analyzed the characteristics of acute pancreatitis (AP) complicated by splenic vein involvement, with or without pancreatic portal hypertension (PPH). Methods: A retrospective review was performed on 225 AP cases that met specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients were classified into three groups: the PPH group, the splenic vein nvolvement group (patients with splenic vein inflammation or thrombosis, without PPH), and the normal splenic vein group (patients without splenic vein involvement or PPH). Imaging and clinical features were documented for each group, including pancreatic necrosis, local complications, ascites, splenomegaly, MCTSI, gender, age, smoking and drinking history, prior history of AP, time from onset to CT scanning, and length of hospital stay. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, analysis of variance, or the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The PPH and splenic vein stenosis or thrombosis groups exhibited more pronounced indirect signs, a higher proportion of critically ill patients, and longer hospital stays (all P<0.001). Recurrent pancreatitis was more common in the PPH group. Differences in the remaining indicators were not statistically significant.Conclusion: Analysis of clinical and imaging findings provided clinically significant for assessing the severity of splenic vein involvement or PPH in acute pancreatitis.
Copyright © 2026 Qing Sun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research Progress on the Role of Plant-Derived Natural Molecules in Inhibiting the Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer Cells
Colorectal cancer is a common and deadly cancer, with metastasis being the primary cause of its lethality. Traditional chemotherapy drugs are highly toxic to normal cells, necessitating the development of new therapies. Plant-derived natural molecules have shown significant potential in preventing and treating colorectal cancer metastasis, offering advantages over chemotherapy, such as lower toxicity, fewer side effects, and higher efficacy. Further research is crucial to identify novel natural compounds for treating colorectal cancer metastasis. While extensive reviews exist on plant-based drugs for cancer, few focus on colorectal cancer metastasis. This review highlights several promising plant-derived compounds with potential clinical applications.
Copyright © 2026 Yikang Zhu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bidirectional Regulation of Osteogenesis and Osteoclastogenesis: Research Progress of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Treating Senile Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis (OP) is a major global public health burden, with senile osteoporosis becoming increasingly prevalent due to population aging. OP-related fractures significantly increase disability and mortality, severely reducing patients’ quality of life. Current Western medications — such as bisphosphonates and parathyroid hormone analogs — have limitations, including gastrointestinal side effects, high costs, and long-term risks such as osteonecrosis of the jaw. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), known for its multi-target regulatory effects and relatively low toxicity, shows promising potential in the treatment of OP. CHM compounds (e.g., Jiangu Formula, Erxian Decoction) and active monomers (e.g., phaseol, glycycoumarin, icariin) have been shown to regulate bone metabolism through bidirectional modulation of osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Their efficacy in improving bone mineral density (BMD) and reducing bone loss has been demonstrated in animal models and small-scale clinical trials. However, there remain gaps in large-scale, high-quality clinical evidence, and the precise mechanisms of some active components remain unclear. Future research should focus on standardizing CHM formulations and elucidating specific therapeutic targets to enhance clinical translation.
Copyright © 2026 Lirong Guo, Xiang Liu, Suping Wang, Long Zhang, Yanzhe Liu, Ying Zhang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0