Journal of Clinical Medicine Research is an international and open-accessed journal that focuses on global research and development of clinical medicine. It mainly reports the latest development of modern clinical medicine and research direction, publishes high quality original papers, reports and review articles related to clinical medicine. The topics involve: clinical medicine, experimental study and clinical pharmacology and clinical application, symptoms and treatment, medical treatment, ultrasonic diagnosis, clinical radiology and pathology diagnosis, emergency rescue, epidemiology, and other content related to clinical medicine.
Association Between Serum Vitamin A Levels and Long-term Outcome in Patients with T2DM
Previous studies suggest that vitamin A (VA) may exert potential regulatory effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. However, whether serum vitamin A levels influence the long-term prognosis of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains inconclusive. This study enrolled T2DM patients with available serum VA measurements between 1999 and 2018. The all-cause mortality rate serves as the primary outcome metric. When assessing the association between mortality risk and serum vitamin A (VA) levels, the Cox proportional hazards model can be employed. Subgroups are defined according to VA levels using Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis, followed by estimation of survival outcomes. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression was employed to depict the nonlinear associations between serum VA levels and mortality risk. A total, 3,681 T2DM subjects were enrolled in the final analysis, with a mean serum VA concentration of 2.12 ± 0.76 μmol/L. During the follow-up period of patients, the overall all-cause mortality rate hit 36.70%. In unadjusted Cox regression, Elevated serum vitamin A levels were notably linked to an elevated risk of death, with an HR of 1.43 and a 95% CI of 1.33–1.53. After accounting for potential confounding variables, independent association between serum VA and mortality persisted (HR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.03–1.22). Subjects with serum VA concentrations above 2.09 μmol/L exhibited significantly poorer survival than those below this threshold (P < 0.01). Moreover, RCS modeling revealed a U-shaped pattern linking serum VA levels to mortality risk. Blood vitamin A levels are notably associated with long-term mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes, and our research findings necessitate further validation in other population groups.
Copyright © 2026 Xuepeng Zhang, Pingchun Li, Lina Duo, Ai Zhong, Manting Wang, Yilin Wang, Wei Xiao, Xuanyi Zhang, Yan Deng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Diagnostic Value of Combined Serum CEA, HE4, AFP, CA125, and CA199 Testing in Early-Stage Ovarian Cancer
Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of combined serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), and human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) in early-stage ovarian cancer. Methods: Subjects were recruited from January 2022 to December 2025 at the First Clinical Medical College of Three Gorges University (Yichang Central People's Hospital), including relevant patients and concurrent healthy examinees. Participants were stratified into three groups: early-stage ovarian cancer (n=75), benign ovarian tumors (n=71), and healthy examinees (n=70). All subjects underwent standardized testing for five serum tumor marker levels to evaluate their diagnostic utility in early-stage ovarian cancer. Results: (1) Significant differences existed in the levels of the five serum tumor markers among the three groups (P=0.000). All markers in the early-stage ovarian cancer group were significantly higher than those in the benign ovarian tumor group and the healthy examination group, far exceeding the normal range. The levels in the latter two groups decreased sequentially. (2) Serum tumor marker levels differed significantly among early-stage ovarian cancer patients at different stages (P=0.000). Marker levels in stage III–IV patients were significantly higher than those in stage I–II patients. (3) The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of individual serum tumor marker tests were low. However, combined detection of all five markers achieved a sensitivity of 91.63% and specificity of 95.40%, significantly outperforming single-marker testing. Conclusions: (1) Serum levels of all five tumor markers were significantly higher in the early-stage ovarian cancer group compared to the other two groups. Marker levels also showed significant differences among patients with early-stage ovarian cancer at different stages. (2) Combined testing demonstrated far superior diagnostic performance compared to individual markers, indicating that combined testing reduces misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis, providing reliable evidence for the diagnosis and disease assessment of early-stage ovarian cancer.
Copyright © 2026 Ying Liu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Construction and Application of Standardized Process for Digital Denture Design and Manufacturing from the Perspective of Dental Technicians
Digital technology has driven technological innovation in the field of oral restoration. Digital denture design and fabrication, with its advantages of high precision, high efficiency, and strong personalization, has become the mainstream in the industry. The operational standardization of dental technicians directly determines the final quality of the denture. This article, from the perspective of dental technicians, explores the construction principles and core steps of the standardized process for digital denture design and fabrication, analyzes the clinical application value, practical points, and existing problems of process standardization, and proposes targeted optimization strategies to provide practical references for standardizing technicians' digital operations, improving denture production quality, and promoting the standardization development of the digital oral restoration industry.
Copyright © 2026 Tianmeng Miao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Precise Adjustment Techniques and Clinical Fitting Effects of the Artificial Teeth Arrangement Process in Complete Dentures
Complete denture restoration is the core method for patients with missing teeth to restore their oral chewing and speech functions, improve facial aesthetics, and enhance quality of life. The accuracy of the artificial tooth arrangement process directly determines the clinical fit and long-term usage effect of the denture. Traditional denture arrangement methods mostly rely on the clinical experience of dentists, which can easily lead to jaw position deviations and occlusal imbalance, resulting in poor denture retention and poor restoration results. The precise denture arrangement method is based on oral anatomical and physiological characteristics, integrating digital technology and personalized adjustment concepts. It integrates the principle of precision throughout the denture arrangement process to achieve a high degree of alignment between artificial teeth and the physiological structure and facial morphology of the oral maxillofacial region and facial appearance. This article reviews the core precise adjustment techniques in the arrangement of artificial teeth for complete dentures, such as jaw position relationship calibration, occlusal balance adjustment, tooth position arrangement control, and personalized adaptation adjustment. It analyzes the impact of precise adjustments on denture retention, functional recovery, facial aesthetics, and patient comfort, and summarizes the core points of clinical adaptation, providing theoretical and practical references for the standardized implementation of complete denture artificial tooth arrangement in clinical practice and improving the quality of restoration.
Copyright © 2026 Guorui Li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research Progress on Cytomegalovirus and Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major risk factor for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and its prevalence continues to rise. Increasing evidence suggests that cytomegalovirus (CMV) is not only a common opportunistic pathogen but also a potential pathogenic factor involved in the progression of CKD.CMV infection is characterized by lifelong latency, periodicity, and reactivation, which can cause continuous immune activation and inflammatory states. This article reviews the biological characteristics, latent infection, reactivation mechanisms, microRNAs, and immune cells associated with CMV, aiming to explore the potential mechanisms of kidney disease progression from a new perspective of viral infection and immune regulation, and to provide new insights and potential intervention targets for the prevention and treatment of CKD.
Copyright © 2026 Yujie Wu, Dihan Zhu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction Technology and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Antioxidant Active Substances from Litchi Chinensis
Objective In this study, we took Litchi chinensis as the research object, obtained its antioxidant active substances by ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and took rosmarinic acid as the main evaluation index. On the basis of single-factor experiments, the solid-liquid ratio, ultrasonic power and ethanol concentration were optimized using Box-Behnken response surface design. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: solid-liquid ratio 1: 19, ultrasonic power about 350 W and ethanol concentration 43%. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of rosmarinic acid was 5.43 mg/g, and the predicted value was in good agreement with the measured value. The in vitro experiments showed that the extracts of Litchi chinensis had significant DPPH free radical scavenging activity and certain iron ion reducing activity. Cytotoxicity assay showed no significant toxicity to RAW 264.7 cells in the range of 0–500 μg/mL. The mouse asthma model experiment further revealed that oral administration of Litchi chinensis extract could reduce airway resistance, suggesting that it might exert the anti-inflammatory and anti-asthma potential through an antioxidant mechanism. This study has provided a basis for the development and application of the active components in Litchi chinensis, and further analysis of its pharmacodynamic material basis and in vivo action mechanism is still needed.
Copyright © 2026 Jiayu Yan, Yihan Wang, Sujia Zhang, Shanshan Zhou, Qiyun Tang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Application Research of Situational Teaching Method in Nursing Education in Higher Education Institutions
Currently, the primary developmental direction of modern medicine is the biopsychosocial medical model, whereas the traditional biomedical model primarily analyzes physiological responses and biochemical parameters to treat diseases. In addition to this, biopsychosocial medicine places greater emphasis on considering the patient's perspective, focusing on their psychological state after illness onset, and selecting the most suitable and easily acceptable treatment regimen. Against this backdrop, the demands on clinical nursing have become more stringent. Correspondingly, nursing education in higher institutions must actively undergo reforms to cultivate more nursing professionals capable of adapting to the biopsychosocial medical model. In current nursing education at universities, the persistent disconnect between theory and practice, coupled with the prolonged clinical adaptation period for nursing students, has hindered the enhancement of their nursing competencies. This paper proposes the application of scenario-based teaching methodology to create highly realistic clinical work scenarios, transforming the classroom into a practice ground for students and overcoming current teaching challenges. This article analyzes the limitations of traditional nursing education in terms of skill internalization and humanistic integration, systematically outlines the design principles of situational teaching in nursing classrooms, and proposes a comprehensive application strategy spanning pre-class scenario construction, in-class interactive simulation, and post-class reflective review. The aim is to effectively enhance nursing students' clinical critical thinking, emergency response capabilities, and humanistic care competencies.
Copyright © 2026 Wanting Zhang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Progress in the Clinical Application and Therapeutic Effect of Huangqi Jianzhong Decoction in the Treatment of Spleen and Stomach Coldness Deficiency
Huangqi Jianzhong Decoction, derived from Synopsis of the Golden Chamber by Zhang Zhongjing, is composed of Astragalus membranaceus, maltose, Cinnamomi Ramulus and other herbs. It features the effects of warming the middle, tonifying deficiency, alleviating urgency and relieving pain, serving as the principal prescription for deficiency-cold stomachache with rigorous compatibility and definite efficacy. Relevant literature shows that it is applied not only in digestive system diseases but also widely studied in circulatory and respiratory system diseases. Epigastric pain is a syndrome marked by upper abdominal epigastric pain. In Western medicine, it is mainly associated with functional dyspepsia, acute and chronic gastritis, gastroptosis, peptic ulcer, gastric mucosal prolapse and other diseases. Before the Tang and Song Dynasties, epigastric pain was mostly called "heartache", and the term "epigastric pain" first appeared in Secret Records of the Orchid Chamber in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) holds that it is related to improper diet, exogenous pathogens, overstrain, emotional disorders, spleen deficiency and drug injury, and is classified into deficiency-excess and cold-heat types. Spleen and stomach cold deficiency is the most common syndrome of epigastric pain, requiring treatment based on syndrome differentiation. Huangqi Jianzhong Decoction and moxibustion are commonly used in clinical practice. This paper reviews the research progress of Huangqi Jianzhong Decoction in treating this disease.
Copyright © 2026 Xiaoxu Liu, Yahui Huang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Clinical Experience and Appropriate Technique of Acupuncture for Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
The objective is to summarize the clinical experience and standardize the appropriate technique of acupuncture for ischemic optic neuropathy (ION). A core acupuncture protocol was developed based on long-term clinical practice, comprising three key regions: (1) five periocular points: Cuanzhu (BL2), Jingming (BL1), Yuyao (EX-HN4), Taiyang (EX-HN5), and Sibai (ST2); (2) the visual cortex projection area on the scalp; and (3) five distal points: Hegu (LI4), Taichong (LR3), Guangming (GB37), Sanyinjiao (SP6), and Taixi (KI3), bilaterally. Needling techniques were described in detail. A retrospective analysis was performed on 42 ION patients treated with this protocol. After 2 courses (8 weeks) of treatment, visual acuity improved significantly in 33 patients (78.6%), and visual field defects were reduced in 29 patients (69.0%). No serious adverse events occurred. This standardized acupuncture protocol is effective and safe for ION, representing a valuable appropriate technique for clinical practice.
Copyright © 2026 Yue Su, Bo Zhang, Yanmin Song https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Epstein-Barr Virus Positive T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder：One Case and a Short Literature Review
This report delineates a rare case of Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder (EBV+T-LPD), which represents a disease spectrum encompassing entities from indolent cutaneous forms to aggressive systemic lymphomas. This case concerns an 85-year-old male who presented with a four-month history of recurrent rash, fever, and localized lymphadenopathy. Notably, this elderly male patient exhibited cutaneous‑limited involvement and demonstrated a favorable prognosis-an outcome rarely documented in previous literature, and to the best of our knowledge, this represents the oldest case reported to date. Additionally, a review of published literature on adult‑onset EBV⁺ T‑LPD presenting with cutaneous manifestations is also provided.
Copyright © 2026 Ranran Zhang, Jiaming Dong, Liyun Zheng, Ying Fang, Fang Wang, Min Gao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study on the Pathogenesis and Intervention Strategies of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a common malignant tumor in the oral and maxillofacial region characterized by nonspecific early symptoms strong local invasiveness and a high risk of recurrence and metastasis. Its occurrence and progression are closely related to genetic variation abnormal molecular regulation chronic inflammation changes in the immune microenvironment unhealthy lifestyles and viral infection. Current clinical diagnosis and treatment still face problems such as insufficient early identification inadequate coordination of comprehensive treatment limited functional recovery and reduced quality of life after treatment. Therefore screening and risk prevention for high risk populations should be strengthened comprehensive intervention plans including surgery radiotherapy chemotherapy targeted therapy and immunotherapy should be optimized and rehabilitation management and long term follow-up mechanisms should be improved to enhance treatment outcomes and long term quality of life.
Copyright © 2026 Wenjie Zhang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Management Goals for Asymptomatic Persistent Hypophosphatemia in Malnourished Patients with Cancer: A Case Report and Clinical Reflections
This article reports the case of a 68-year-old patient with colon cancer and severe malnutrition who was at high risk of refeeding syndrome and had persistent hypophosphatemia before and after admission, with a nadir serum phosphate level of 0.21 mmol/L. After combined intravenous and oral phosphate supplementation, the serum phosphate level was maintained at 0.4–0.5 mmol/L. The patient had no arrhythmia, decreased muscle strength, bone pain, or neurological abnormalities. This report suggests that the management goal for asymptomatic severe hypophosphatemia in malnourished patients with cancer should not be limited to rapid correction of serum phosphate; rather, attention should be paid to acute safety, tolerance of progressive nutritional advancement, and long-term etiological evaluation.
Copyright © 2026 Xiaoxi Wu, Xia Zhang, Yang Ling https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Loud Speaking Voice as a Behavioral Marker Supporting Secondary Prevention of the Cascade Consequences of Untreated Hearing Impairment
More than 1.5 billion people live with some degree of hearing loss, yet most cases reach audiology only after years of delay, and the resulting cascade of cognitive, social, and functional decline accounts for a sizable share of preventable dementia risk in later life. We propose that an unusually loud speaking voice, a behavioral expression of the Lombard effect, can serve as an early observational cue prompting audiological referral. The response is largely involuntary and may persist even when the patient denies any subjective hearing difficulty, which makes it a candidate signal during routine clinical and family encounters. We outline three areas of practical relevance: earlier detection of treatable conductive losses, better alignment of treatment with periods of central auditory plasticity, and caregiver education that reframes loud speech as a clinical signal rather than a personality issue. We also set out the limits of the proposal, including the absence of formal sensitivity and specificity data and the need for cross-cultural validation. The argument is hypothesis-generating, and is intended to motivate prospective studies that combine acoustic voice analysis, audiometry, and longitudinal cognitive outcomes.
Copyright © 2026 Xinyue Cao, Zilin Xu, Caixia Xia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research Progress on Acupuncture Combined with Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) stands as one of the most prevalent and severe microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, and it is a primary contributor to vision impairment and blindness among the working - age population globally. Although contemporary therapies such as intravitreal anti - VEGF injections and laser photocoagulation have proven effective, they are frequently constrained by high costs, repeated injections, and potential adverse effects. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), encompassing both herbal prescriptions and acupuncture, has been increasingly employed as complementary and alternative interventions for DR. In recent years, the combination of acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine has exhibited promising synergistic effects in enhancing visual acuity, alleviating macular edema, and retarding disease progression. This paper conducts a review of the recent research advancements regarding the combined therapy of acupuncture and TCM for DR, encompassing the TCM etiology of DR, clinical evidence, potential mechanisms, and existing challenges, with the aim of offering a reference for future clinical and experimental investigations.
Copyright © 2026 Shuai Zhang, Peilin Lyu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
TCM Pathogenesis of IBS Treated with Modified Sanren Decoction Based on Triple Energizer Differentiation
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder with elusive pathogenesis and recurrent abdominal pain plus abnormal defecation. Western medicine merely offers symptomatic relief with poor long-term efficacy, while traditional Chinese medicine delivers stable curative effects via holistic syndrome differentiation. This paper explores IBS pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches under triple energizer differentiation, centering on Professor Huang Yahui's Modified Sanren Decoction. The triple energizer system jointly governs qi transformation and fluid metabolism: upper jiao lung dysfunction causes dampness pouring down; middle jiao spleen transportation disorder forms internal damp-heat (the core lesion); lower jiao liver-kidney disharmony triggers qi stagnation. The modified formula targets three jiaos separately: bitter apricot seed disperses lung qi to clear upper damp turbidity, amomum and largehead atractylodes tonify spleen and resolve middle damp-heat, coix seed drains lower dampness. Flexible modifications combined with Tongxie Yaofang address liver-spleen imbalance. Triple energizer differentiation breaks single zang-fu treatment limits, clarifies interlocked pathological mechanisms of multiple viscera, and provides an integrated TCM strategy for recurrent IBS.
Copyright © 2026 Xiaoxu Liu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pathogenesis and Treatment of Senile Constipation Based on Sanjiao Qi Transformation Theory
Senile constipation is a common clinical disorder. With the accelerating population aging in China, its incidence has been increasing year by year. Applying the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Sanjiao qi transformation theory to explore the pathogenesis and treatment of senile constipation provides an innovative academic perspective. As the essential passage for the circulation of qi and blood, Sanjiao participates in the whole process of the generation, distribution and metabolism of qi, blood and body fluids, and is closely correlated with the onset and progression of constipation. Based on the Sanjiao qi transformation theory, integrated TCM intervention combined with lifestyle regulation presents prominent advantages in the management of senile constipation.
Copyright © 2026 Zhenghao Wang, Linmei Sun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Clinical Application of AI-Assisted Implant Planning System in Complex Maxillary Sinus Elevation
The objective is to investigate the clinical value and safety of an AI-assisted implant planning system in complex maxillary sinus elevation surgery, and to provide evidence-based support for digital and intelligent transformation in posterior maxillary implant rehabilitation. A total of 46 patients with severe posterior maxillary bone insufficiency requiring complex maxillary sinus elevation admitted to our department from January 2023 to December 2024 were enrolled and randomly divided into a control group (23 cases, conventional CBCT manual planning) and an observation group (23 cases, AI-assisted implant planning). All patients underwent maxillary sinus elevation with simultaneous or delayed implant placement. The observation group used a deep learning-based AI system for automatic anatomical segmentation, 3D reconstruction, simulated osteotomy, implant position design, and risk prediction. The control group relied on surgeon experience for manual measurement and planning. Preoperative planning time, anatomical structure recognition accuracy, intraoperative implant placement accuracy, Schneiderian membrane perforation rate, operation duration, postoperative marginal bone loss, implant survival rate, and adverse events were compared between the two groups. Preoperative planning time in the observation group was significantly shorter than that in the control group (P<0.05). The AI system showed high accuracy in identifying maxillary sinus septa, alveolar antral artery, and residual bone height. Intraoperative deviations in three-dimensional implant position were significantly lower in the observation group (P<0.05). The Schneiderian membrane perforation rate was 4.35% in the observation group, significantly lower than 21.74% in the control group (P<0.05). Operation duration was shorter in the observation group (P<0.05). At 6 and 12 months postoperatively, marginal bone loss in the observation group was significantly less than that in the control group (P<0.05). The 12-month implant survival rate was 100% in the observation group and 95.65% in the control group, with no statistically significant difference in safety indicators between the two groups (P>0.05). In complex maxillary sinus elevation, the AI-assisted implant planning system significantly improves preoperative evaluation efficiency and surgical accuracy, reduces the risk of Schneiderian membrane perforation and other complications, minimizes marginal bone loss, and enhances the stability and long-term prognosis of implants. It exhibits reliable safety and is suitable for widespread clinical application in difficult maxillary implant cases.
Copyright © 2026 Zhen Zhang, Ru Wang, Hong Liu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Brain–Heart Axis and Phenotype-Guided Care in Takotsubo Syndrome: A Contemporary Clinical Review
More and more evidence suggests that Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is not a one-size-fits-all benign self-limiting condition, but a highly heterogeneous acute heart failure syndrome. Most existing reviews are largely descriptive and fail to truly link brain–heart axis mechanisms, diagnostic refinement, and phenotype-guided care. This review focuses on recent advances since 2019, with emphasis on autonomic imbalance, neurocardiac vulnerability, multimodal imaging, Mayo and InterTAK diagnostic frameworks, and emerging contexts such as COVID-19, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Current evidence points to sympathetic activation, insufficient parasympathetic regulation, coronary microvascular dysfunction, and inflammatory–immune responses jointly contributing to reversible myocardial stunning. Diagnosis cannot rely solely on ruling out obstructive coronary artery disease, because TTS can coexist with coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), or SCAD. CMR and, in selected stable patients, CCTA provide useful complementary information for differential diagnosis and risk assessment. Management remains largely supportive, but stratifying patients according to hemodynamic status, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, arrhythmic and thromboembolic risks, trigger context, and extracardiac comorbidities can make acute and long-term care more individualized. Finally, we propose a phenotype-guided clinical framework and highlight priorities for future prospective studies.
Copyright © 2026 Qiuhou Dai, Jiabin Xuan, Fengqi Liu, Chao Xie, Siqi Zhang, Huibin Pan, Kankai Tang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Long-Term Survival Outcomes of Hypofractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy Combined with Anlotinib for Recurrent Glioblastoma: An Extended Follow-up Report
Background: The clinical management of recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM) is highly challenging. We previously reported the preliminary safety and efficacy of hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (HSRT) combined with anlotinib for rGBM. This brief report provides an extended long-term follow-up of this cohort to evaluate survival outcomes and late toxicities. Methods: The original cohort of five patients treated with HSRT (25.0 Gy in 5 fractions) and concurrent/adjuvant anlotinib (12 mg daily, days 1–14 every 3 weeks) was retrospectively analyzed for long-term progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and late adverse events. Results: Over a significantly extended observation period, the updated median PFS was 9.9 months, and the median OS reached an encouraging 29.1 months. At the latest follow-up, two patients had experienced in-field disease progression and died, while one patient died from a cerebral infarction. Two patients were alive at their last clinical contact, and their robust survival times were appropriately right-censored at 42.1+ and 46.8+ months post-treatment, respectively. No severe late radiation necrosis (grade ≥ 3) or uncontrollable targeted-therapy toxicities were observed. Conclusion: The extended follow-up confirms that HSRT combined with anlotinib provides a durable clinical response and a highly meaningful long-term survival benefit for select patients with rGBM, maintaining a favorable long-term safety profile.
Copyright © 2026 Yun Guan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Risk Factors for Postoperative Complications in Elderly Patients with Femoral Neck Fracture
The objective is to screen and analyze independent risk factors related to postoperative complications in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture, so as to provide a theoretical basis for formulating targeted prevention strategies and improving clinical prognosis. A total of 124 elderly patients (aged ≥65 years) with femoral neck fracture who underwent surgical treatment in our hospital from January 2022 to December 2023 were enrolled in this retrospective study. According to whether postoperative complications occurred within 3 months after surgery, they were divided into a complication group (39 cases) and a non-complication group (85 cases). General data, preoperative comorbidities, laboratory indicators, fracture-related parameters, surgical and anesthesia-related indicators, and postoperative management data of the two groups were collected. Univariate chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to identify independent risk factors for postoperative complications. The overall incidence of postoperative complications was 31.45% (39/124), mainly including lower extremity deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary infection, urinary tract infection, postoperative delirium, anemia, hypoproteinemia, and acute kidney injury. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age ≥80 years (OR=3.216, 95%CI: 1.524–6.782, P=0.002), at least two preoperative comorbidities (OR=4.153, 95%CI: 1.897–9.086, P<0.001), ASA grade Ⅲ–Ⅳ (OR=3.684, 95%CI: 1.655–8.197, P=0.001), preoperative hypoalbuminemia (albumin <35 g/L, OR=2.947, 95%CI: 1.326–6.541, P=0.008), preoperative anemia (hemoglobin <110 g/L, OR=2.753, 95%CI: 1.241–6.102, P=0.013), time from injury to surgery >48 hours (OR=2.869, 95%CI: 1.307–6.295, P=0.009), and operation time >90 minutes (OR=2.615, 95%CI: 1.184–5.773, P=0.018) were independent risk factors for postoperative complications in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture. The incidence of postoperative complications in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture is relatively high, and it is affected by a variety of factors. Clinicians should conduct comprehensive preoperative evaluation, optimize perioperative management, shorten the time to surgery, and strengthen postoperative monitoring for high-risk patients, so as to reduce the occurrence of complications and improve the quality of rehabilitation.
Copyright © 2026 Meng Wang, Ruipeng Guo, Chengbin Yu, Xiaolong Cai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Three-Dimensional Data-Based Pelvic Floor Support Structure Model and Modeling Method for Surgical Planning of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Female pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a prevalent pelvic floor dysfunction that severely affects the quality of life of middle-aged and elderly women. The main cause of high recurrence is the lack of direct and reliable preoperative visualization of pelvic floor ligament morphology and mechanical state. Traditional evaluation methods rely on two-dimensional imaging and clinical experience, leading to inconsistencies between preoperative planning and intraoperative conditions. This study aimed to develop and validate a patient-specific three-dimensional (3D) physical model of the pelvic floor support structure based on personalized MRI data, together with a standardized modeling procedure. The model consists of a pelvic bony framework, visceral organ modules, and elastic ligament units with biomechanical simulation functions. A total of 10 participants underwent standardized multi-planar MRI scanning, and 1:1 physical models were constructed and verified. The results showed that the mean error of uterosacral ligament length was 1.2±0.4 mm, the maximum stress of the uterosacral ligament was 1.510±0.086 MPa, and the maximum displacement was 19.46±2.37 mm. The 3D model accurately reproduces the in vivo anatomical structure and mechanical properties of the pelvic floor, enables intuitive preoperative simulation, helps identify defect locations, and supports personalized surgical design. This technology provides a novel and effective tool for precise diagnosis and treatment of POP, and has significant value in reducing surgical recurrence and improving clinical outcomes.
Copyright © 2026 Xiaoge Li, Qiya Chu, Chunyan Song, Jinping Ma, Yuancui Xiang, Shuli Wang, Haoran Li, Xiaona Tian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Advances in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research from the Perspective of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine: From Traditional Wisdom to Molecular Mechanisms
NPC is a geographically clustered head and neck cancer driven by EBV, genetics, and environment. Western medicine uses radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy based on staging; advances include IMRT, AJCC 9th edition, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. TCM classifies NPC as “nasal sinusitis” or “malignant nodule”, attributing it to toxin-stasis-phlegm with underlying deficiency, and focuses on supporting healthy qi and syndrome differentiation. Evidence shows TCM injections boost CD3⁺/CD4⁺ T cells; Qingdu Zengye Decoction induces apoptosis via PI3K-Akt; the “toxin-permeating and root-tonifying” approach links TCM to efferocytosis to counter resistance and immune escape. Integrated medicine offers mutual synergy, not simple addition. This review summarizes progress and future directions.
Copyright © 2026 Mengyue He, Xiong Zhang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Multidimensional Role and Molecular Mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Adjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer: Current Research Status
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide, with incidence rates continuing to rise and a trend toward younger onset. As an important component of comprehensive breast cancer treatment, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) plays a unique role in “enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity” in adjuvant therapy. This article systematically reviews recent research progress on TCM in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. It summarizes the mechanisms of active ingredients and compound formulas from multiple dimensions, including the regulation of tumor cell apoptosis, intervention in key signaling pathways, modulation of metabolic reprogramming, improvement of the immune microenvironment, and reversal of endocrine resistance. Furthermore, combined with evidence-based medical evidence, the clinical value of TCM in conjunction with chemotherapy and endocrine therapy is analyzed. Research indicates that through a holistic regulatory mechanism involving multiple targets and pathways, TCM offers significant advantages in improving therapeutic efficacy, reducing adverse reactions, and enhancing quality of life. However, systematic elucidation of its mechanisms and the generation of high-quality clinical evidence still require further exploration.
Copyright © 2026 Hailin Zhang, Zhi Li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mechanism and Effect of Testosterone on Metabolic Diseases
As an important steroid hormone, testosterone plays a key role in male growth, sexual function maintenance and metabolism regulation. In recent years, the prevalence of metabolic diseases has continued to climb, and the two-way relationship between decreased testosterone levels and metabolic diseases has received increasing attention. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that serum total and free testosterone levels are significantly reduced in men with metabolic syndrome, and testosterone levels decrease in steps with the extent of metabolic abnormalities. Obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperuricemia and other components of metabolic syndrome are closely related to hypotestosteronemia. The association between testosterone deficiency and metabolic diseases involves multi-level pathophysiological mechanisms, mainly including the imbalance of hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular axis regulation, insulin resistance, leptin resistance, chronic low-grade inflammatory state and mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum stress. In recent years, UGT2B-mediated enhanced mechanisms of hepatic testosterone clearance have provided new perspectives for understanding hormone depletion in metabolic diseases. At the intervention level, lifestyle interventions (weight loss, exercise) can significantly raise testosterone levels and improve metabolic status, while testosterone replacement therapy has shown to improve insulin sensitivity, lower blood glucose, and improve the potential of lipid profile in patients with metabolic diseases with hypogonadism, but its cardiovascular safety and adaptation population still need to be carefully evaluated. In-depth research on the relationship between testosterone and metabolic diseases will help to reveal the core role of sex hormones in metabolic regulation, and provide new theoretical basis and intervention strategies for the precise prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases.
Copyright © 2026 Huiwen Liu, Jianmei Hao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Diagnostic Value of Holter Monitoring QT Interval Combined with Treadmill Exercise Test for Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease
Objective: To investigate the diagnostic value of Holter monitoring QT interval combined with treadmill exercise test (TET) in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease in coronary heart disease. Methods: A total of 230 patients with coronary artery disease treated at our hospital between July 2023 and December 2024 were enrolled. Patients were grouped based on coronary angiography results as the gold standard: 100 cases in the multivessel disease group and 130 cases in the non-multivessel disease group. We compared QT interval and TET-related indicators between the two groups and analyzed the diagnostic efficacy of single QT interval detection, single TET detection, and combined detection for detecting multivessel coronary artery disease. Results: Both QT interval and TET-related indicators were significantly higher in the multivessel group than in the non-multivessel group (P<0.05). The diagnostic performance metrics (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy) of combined detection significantly outperformed single-method detection (P<0.05). Conclusion: Combining Holter ECG QT interval monitoring with exercise stress testing (EST) significantly enhances diagnostic efficacy for multi-vessel coronary artery disease in CHD patients. This noninvasive, convenient approach warrants clinical implementation.
Copyright © 2026 Tian Zhou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Clinical Evidence Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention in Preventing Recurrence After Thermal Ablation of Thyroid Nodules
Thyroid nodules are common endocrine disorders in clinical practice. Thermal ablation has been widely adopted due to its advantages of minimal invasiveness and rapid recovery, yet postoperative recurrence remains a clinical challenge. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) intervention has shown potential value in preventing postoperative recurrence. This article systematically reviews recent clinical research evidence and analyzes the efficacy of TCM intervention in preventing recurrence after thermal ablation of thyroid nodules. Existing evidence suggests that TCM intervention based on syndrome differentiation can reduce postoperative recurrence rates, promote absorption in the ablated area, and improve clinical symptoms. The underlying mechanisms may be related to the regulation of cytokines such as transforming growth factor and insulin-like growth factor, as well as the improvement of thyroid function. This review summarizes the current status of clinical research, characteristics of intervention protocols, mechanisms of action, and existing problems, aiming to provide a reference for clinical practice.
Copyright © 2026 Yunke Bai, Zhi Li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research Progress and Mechanism Exploration of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine in Treating Peripheral Vascular Diseases: A Review Focusing on Arteriosclerosis Obliterans and Diabetic Foot
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a common and frequently encountered condition in clinical practice. Among them, arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) and diabetic foot (DF) have garnered significant attention due to their high incidence and disability rates. This article systematically reviews the research progress in integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine for treating ASO and diabetic foot in recent years, summarizing aspects such as western medical treatment strategies, traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation and treatment, clinical applications of integrated medicine, and underlying mechanisms. Research indicates that the combined application of western vascular interventions, stem cell therapies, and modern medicine with active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine and compound formulations demonstrates synergistic advantages. Mechanistic studies have confirmed that traditional Chinese medicine exerts therapeutic effects through multiple pathways, including regulating lipid metabolism, inhibiting inflammatory responses, modulating macrophage polarization, and interfering with ferroptosis. This review aims to provide a reference for the clinical practice and basic research of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine in treating peripheral vascular diseases.
Copyright © 2026 Wenjun Li, Zhi Li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Application of Thyroid Nodule Calcification in the Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer
Objective: To explore the application of thyroid nodule calcification in the ultrasonic diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Methods: A single-center study was conducted, enrolling 112 patients with thyroid nodules who were pathologically confirmed at our hospital from January 2022 to January 2026. Using pathological results as the reference standard, ultrasound-determined benign or malignant status and key ultrasound features (including margin clarity, blood flow signal, and calcification patterns) were recorded. A descriptive analysis of feature distribution was performed. Results: Ultrasound assessment classified 96 nodules as benign and 16 as malignant. Feature comparison revealed that benign nodules exhibited a higher proportion of well-defined margins, whereas malignant nodules more frequently presented with abundant blood flow signals. Conclusion: The implementation of ultrasound diagnosis for thyroid nodule calcification demonstrates significant clinical application value and is worthy of promotion.
Copyright © 2026 Yong He, Qiong Sun, Chang Zhou, Rong Liu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From "Wind, Heat, Dampness, and Stasis" to Mesangial Proliferation: A Systematic Review of the Correlation between the Evolution of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pathogenesis and Micro-Pathology in IgA Nephropathy
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerular disease globally, characterized by mesangial IgA deposition and clinical signs like hematuria and proteinuria. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) classifies this disease under concepts such as "Kidney Wind." Contemporary TCM scholars have refined its pathogenesis into four key elements: "wind, heat, dampness, and stasis." This paper systematically reviews recent research on the correlation between TCM syndromes of IgAN and renal tissue pathology. It explores how "wind, heat, dampness, and stasis" correspond to micro-pathological changes such as mesangial proliferation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The study proposes a pathogenic evolution axis: "Wind-heat disturbing the kidney → Dampness and stasis binding → Kidney collateral stagnation". Research indicates that wind-heat combination often corresponds to acute mesangial cell proliferation. Dampness encumbrance is closely related to increased mesangial matrix. Stasis runs through the entire course, becoming prominent in glomerulosclerosis and fibrosis. This correlation model provides theoretical support for integrated diagnosis and treatment.
Copyright © 2026 Cunxin Bai, Jian Shi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Application Effect of Integrated Nursing Based on the IMB Model in Patients with Vitiligo Undergoing Ultraviolet Phototherapy
Objective: To evaluate the clinical application effect of integrated nursing intervention grounded in the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) model among patients with vitiligo receiving narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) phototherapy.Methods: A total of 60 patients with vitiligo admitted to the Department of Dermatology, Yichang Central People's Hospital from January 2023 to December 2024 were selected as the research objects. The patients were divided into the routine group (routine nursing) and the study group (comprehensive nursing based on IMB model) by block random method, with 30 cases in each group. The clinical efficacy, pigment score and quality of life were compared between the two groups.Results: After 24 weeks of treatment, the total effective rate of the study group was 90.00%, which was significantly higher than 66.67% of the conventional group, the difference was statistically significant (χ² = 4.810, P = 0.028). Before intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in pigment scores between the two groups (P>0.05). After 24 weeks of intervention, the pigment scores of the two groups increased, and the intra-group comparison showed that the score of the study group before and after intervention was significantly higher than that of the conventional group (P<0.05). Before intervention, there was no significant difference in the scores of each dimension of DLQI between the two groups (P > 0.05). After 24 weeks of intervention, the scores of each dimension of DLQI in the study group were better than those in the conventional group (P<0.05).Conclusion: IMB model–guided integrated nursing significantly enhances clinical efficacy, accelerates repigmentation, strengthens patient self-efficacy, and improves multidimensional quality of life in vitiligo patients undergoing NB-UVB phototherapy. This evidence supports its broad clinical adoption as a scalable, theory-driven behavioral intervention framework.
Copyright © 2026 Miaomiao Wu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mechanism of Intestinal Flora in Hepatic Fibrosis and Its Therapeutic Progress
Hepatic fibrosis is a common pathological process that progresses to cirrhosis in various chronic liver diseases, and there is a lack of effective treatment at present. In recent years, intensive studies on the intestinal-liver axis theory have shown that intestinal dysbiosis plays a key role in the development of liver fibrosis. This paper systematically reviews the mechanisms of intestinal flora in liver fibrosis, including intestinal barrier dysfunction, translocation of pathogen-related molecular patterns, regulation of flora metabolites, and imbalance of immune-metabolic network. On this basis, therapeutic strategies targeting intestinal flora are summarized, including emerging therapies such as probiotics/synbiotics, fecal flora transplantation, and bile acid modulators. In-depth understanding of the relationship between intestinal flora and liver fibrosis is expected to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.
Copyright © 2026 Jiahe Li, Jianmei Hao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mechanisms and Research Progress of the Wnt/β-catenin Signalling Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common primary liver cancers worldwide, and its development is a complex, multigenic, and multistep process. The Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, as a key regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration, is frequently abnormally activated in HCC and represents a core molecular event promoting tumour initiation, progression, metastasis and treatment resistance.This article provides a systematic review of the core regulatory mechanisms of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, its role in the development of HCC, its interactions with the tumour microenvironment (TME) and other signalling pathways, as well as therapeutic strategies and research progress targeting this pathway. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis and new directions for the precision diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
Copyright © 2026 Jingyu Zhang, Jianmei Hao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Current Status and Advances in Radiotherapy for Biliary Tract Cancers
Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are insidious and carry extremely poor prognosis, with most patients unresectable at diagnosis. Radiotherapy is an important local treatment, but conventional methods cannot balance target dose and normal tissue protection due to complex anatomy adjacent to radiosensitive organs. In recent years, precise radiotherapy including IMRT, VMAT, IGRT, MRgRT and particle therapy has greatly improved accuracy. BED-based dose escalation, SIB and functional imaging-guided optimization further balance efficacy and safety. This review summarizes precise radiotherapy techniques, dosimetric optimization, clinical applications, current challenges and future directions.
Copyright © 2026 Yu Li, Xiaocai Tian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) for the Treatment of Pediatric Ewing Sarcoma: A SingleCenter Retrospective Study
Purpose: To evaluate the safety, clinical outcomes, and advantages of HIFU as a non-invasive local therapy for Ewing sarcoma in children and adolescents, especially for limb-salvage in patients with extensive bone destruction or unresectable lesions. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of all pediatric patients with pathologically confirmed Ewing sarcoma treated with HIFU at a single tertiary children’s hospital between January 2010 and June 2023. Clinical data, imaging features, treatment protocols, complications, and survival outcomes were analyzed. Results: Seven patients were enrolled, including 3 males and 4 females, with a median age of 7.4 years (range 3.7–17.0 years). Four patients had localized disease, and three had widespread metastatic lesions at initial diagnosis. All four localized patients had extensive bone invasion that precluded limb-salvage resection. HIFU combined with chemotherapy achieved complete local tumor ablation in 2 patients, and all four localized patients remained alive at the final follow-up. Among the three metastatic patients, HIFU significantly reduced tumor burden, relieved pain, and improved quality of life, although all eventually died of systemic progression. Conclusion: HIFU is a safe, effective, and non-invasive local treatment for pediatric Ewing sarcoma. It serves as a valuable limb-salvage modality for localized patients with extensive bone destruction. For metastatic patients, HIFU provides effective palliation with minimal trauma and may be used as part of multidisciplinary comprehensive therapy.
Copyright © 2026 Zhichao Liu, Changchun Li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Application Value of New Molecular Detection Technology in Rapid Diagnosis of Viral Diseases
Objective: To evaluate the application value of real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR combined with loop mediated isothermal amplification technology in the rapid diagnosis of viral diseases. Method: From January to December 2025, 100 suspected viral disease patients were enrolled and randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. Diagnosis was performed using a combination of novel molecular detection technology and traditional virus isolation and culture combined with serological testing; Using clinical comprehensive diagnostic results as the gold standard, compare the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and consistency with the gold standard between the two groups. Result: The diagnostic accuracy (96.00%), sensitivity (97.14%), and specificity (93.33%) of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group (78.00%, 75.76%, 82.35%), with a Kappa value of 0.912 and good consistency. Conclusion: The combined molecular detection technology has high accuracy and reliability, which can effectively improve the early diagnosis efficiency of viral diseases and has good clinical promotion prospects.
Copyright © 2026 Shuhan Duan, Han Liu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Treatment Progress of Common TCM Syndromes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practice, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is usually categorized as “chuan zheng” (wheeze/asthma) and “fei zhang” (lung distension). Syndrome differentiation and stage-based TCM treatment offer advantages in COPD management. This review analyzes etiologies and pathomechanisms of common TCM syndrome patterns across COPD stages (stable phase and acute exacerbation) and summarizes therapeutic principles and representative formulas used clinically for eight main syndrome types.
Copyright © 2026 Ru Yang, Yuanshan Tang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Clinical Efficacy of Modified Duhuo Jisheng Decoction in Treating Knee Osteoarthritis and Its Effects on Clinical Symptoms and Joint Function
Objective To investigate the intervention effect of modified Duhuo Jisheng Decoction on knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Methods Eighty KOA patients were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups (40 cases each). The control group received oral glucosamine sulfate, while the observation group was additionally treated with modified Duhuo Jisheng Decoction. The treatment course lasted 12 weeks. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome scores, VAS, WOMAC scores, total effective rate, and adverse events were compared. Results The reduction in each score was significantly greater in the observation group than in the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate in the observation group (92.50%) was higher than that in the control group (75.00%) (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group (5.00%) was lower than that in the control group (20.00%) (P<0.05). Conclusion Modified Duhuo Jisheng Decoction as an adjunctive treatment for KOA can effectively alleviate symptoms, promote joint function recovery, and has good safety.
Copyright © 2026 Zhensong Cao, Yingang Li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research Progress in Modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative colitis is a common chronic inflammatory bowel disease with insidious onset and recurrent episodes. Although Western medicine can maintain clinical remission, it still fails to meet patients' therapeutic expectations. Gegen Qinlian Decoction improves intestinal mucosal barrier function and attenuates systemic and tissue inflammatory responses with remarkable clinical efficacy. This article reviews the research progress of modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction in the treatment of ulcerative colitis, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of ulcerative colitis.
Copyright © 2026 Na Yang, Yueyang Liu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Treatment of Constipation with the Method of Strengthening Healthy Qi and Consolidating the Constitution Based on the Theory of "Healthy Qi Inside, Pathogens Cannot Invade"
As one of the common digestive system diseases, constipation presents a high incidence in modern society. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) holds that constipation is mainly caused by exogenous pathogenic cold and heat, internal injury due to improper diet, emotional disorders, physical weakness after illness, deficiency of yin, yang, qi and blood, leading to stagnation of pathogens in the stomach and intestines, obstruction, weak propulsion, retention of dregs, and difficult defecation. The theory of "Healthy Qi Inside, Pathogens Cannot Invade" was first proposed in Huangdi Neijing. This paper aims to deeply analyze the internal relationship between this theory and the treatment of constipation, and elaborate on how this theory guides the syndrome differentiation and prevention of constipation from the perspective of strengthening healthy qi to eliminate pathogens. Through research, it enriches the cognition and treatment methods of constipation in TCM, provides clinicians with more comprehensive and systematic diagnosis and treatment ideas, helps inherit and carry forward the classic theories of TCM, makes traditional medicine better serve patients, improves the quality of life of constipated patients, and relieves their pain and distress.
Copyright © 2026 Fang Liu, Yuanyuan Song https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research Progress of Banxia Xiexin Decoction in the Treatment of Chronic Gastritis
Banxia Xiexin decoction is a representative prescription of the acrid-opening and bitter-descending method, widely used for qi movement disorders and mixed coldheat patterns. Chronic gastritis is a common digestive inflammatory disease with high incidence and recurrence, seriously affecting patients’ quality of life. Banxia Xiexin decoction exerts favorable effects on chronic gastritis by inhibiting inflammatory factors, promoting gastric mucosal repair, and regulating intestinal flora. Clinically, it improves gastrointestinal hormone secretion and motility, alleviates inflammation, and reduces recurrence in HPrelated gastritis. This paper reviews the basic and clinical research progress of Banxia Xiexin decoction for chronic gastritis to provide reference for clinical treatment.
Copyright © 2026 Jiayu Zhang, Yahui Huang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Current Status and Research Progress of Chinese and Western Medicine Treatment for Insomnia
Insomnia, characterized by insufficient sleep duration and depth, difficulty falling asleep, easy awakening, and inability to return to sleep after waking, is a common clinical condition. Globally, over 37% of the population experiences acute insomnia, and more than 10% suffers from chronic insomnia. In China, the insomnia rate exceeds 15% and is increasing year by year. [1]Chronic insomnia can reduce the quality of life and induce cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and mental and psychological disorders, posing significant harm. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) considers the core pathogenesis of insomnia to be an imbalance of yin and yang and dysfunction of the zang-fu organs. This article systematically reviews the epidemiology, Western medicine pathogenesis, TCM etiology and pathogenesis, Chinese and Western medicine treatment methods, and the advantages of their integrated application, providing a reference for standardized and individualized clinical prevention and treatment of insomnia.
Copyright © 2026 Xinyi Ai, Yuanshan Tang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Qualitative Study on the Care Experience and Needs of Primary Caregivers for Children Undergoing Hypospadias Surgery
Objective: To explore the experiences and needs of primary caregivers of children undergoing hypospadias surgery during the care process, and to provide a basis for optimizing family care strategies and nursing interventions. Method: Using purposive sampling method, 13 primary caregivers were selected for semi-structured interviews in December 2024, and Colaizzi 7-step analysis method was used to summarize and extract themes. Result: extract four themes, including the dual experience of psychological conflict and emotional adjustment, the caregiving dilemma under multidimensional knowledge and skill gaps, the heavy burden of family caregiving, and the desire for sustained and diverse professional support. Conclusion: Caregivers generally face significant psychological pressure and caregiving difficulties, and expect systematic, flexible, and sustainable nursing guidance and social support. Medical staff should pay attention to their emotions and needs, establish a care support system that runs from preoperative to home care, strengthen personalized health education, continuity of services, and integration of diverse social resources, enhance their caregiving abilities, and promote postoperative recovery of pediatric patients.
Copyright © 2026 Can Zheng, Xia Zhou, Huajuan Du, Liping Cheng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Construction of a Kinetic Model for CD8 T Cell Response to Viral Infection under the Combined Effects of Time Delay and Reaction-Diffusion
There is an inherent time delay in the CD8T cell response itself, and viral spread leads to spatially heterogeneous characteristics of infection. Currently, there is a lack of in-depth research on the combined effect of these two factors. This study constructs a partial functional differential equation model that combines the CTL amplification delay and the viral spread process, which not only demonstrates the forward boundability of the model solution but also clearly defines the basic reproduction number of the virus and immunity. Using the analysis method of characteristic equations, the study obtained the critical conditions for Turing instability in the pure diffusion scenario and the criteria for Hopf branching in the pure delay scenario respectively. In the delay-diffusion two-parameter plane, the study further identified the specific regions of the Turing-Hopf double instability. The numerical simulation results show that the system has multiple behavioral patterns such as uniform steady state, time-period oscillation, and spatiotemporal chaos. This result also reveals that the infection outcome is non-monotonic regulated by the ratio of delay length to diffusion rate. The model framework provides a new approach to understanding the spatiotemporal complexity of CTL antiviral immunity, and also has theoretical implications for optimizing relevant intervention strategies.
Copyright © 2026 Yijia Chen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research Progress of Acupotomy in the Treatment of Adhesive Periarthritis of Shoulder under the Guidance of "Huangdi Neijing"
Periarthritis of shoulder joint, also known as exposed shoulder wind, shoulder coagulation disease or 50 shoulders in traditional Chinese medicine, is a common shoulder disease, which mainly affects the middle-aged and elderly people, and the number of female patients exceeds that of men in recent years. Periarthritis of the shoulder is characterized by pain and limited activity. Many clinical studies have proved that acupotomy therapy has a significant effect in the treatment of periarthritis of shoulder, but there are also many shortcomings, which still need further study.
Copyright © 2026 Zhiyu Han https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study on Treatment Strategies for Diabetic Macular Edema Complicated with Different Stages of Retinopathy
Objective To explore treatment strategies for diabetic macular edema complicated with diabetic retinopathy at different stages. Methods Ninety-six patients admitted from January 2023 to January 2025 were selected and divided into a study group and a control group, with 48 cases in each group. The control group received anti-VEGF therapy, while the study group received staged combined treatment, including laser, glucocorticoid, or surgical intervention according to disease stage. Results Visual acuity improvement, reduction of central foveal thickness, and lesion stability in the study group were better than those in the control group, and the recurrence rate was lower. Conclusion Staged comprehensive treatment is more effective in controlling recurrent edema and delaying disease progression, showing high clinical value.
Copyright © 2026 Yue Zhao, Yiwen Liu, Hui Su https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0